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state of Connecticut

PUBLIC DOCUMENT, No. 18.

FORTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

SECRETARY

OF THE

Connecticut State Board of Agriculture

July M, 1915 to
0<^nhftr Ifft. 1916

Explanation

This report just received from the printers.
5ome delay." The* material was given them
on November 1, 1916. This explains the tardi-
ness in mailing it from this office.

n

/1 15"-^^

PUBLICATION

APPROVED BY

THE BOARD OF CONTROL

The Evans Press, Printers, Putnam, Conn.

STATE OF CONNECTICUT

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Organized 1866.

Re-organized 1907.

19 16

His Excellency, MARCUS H. HOLCOMB, ex officio.

MEMBERS APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR AND SENATE.

Term Expires

West Hartford, - July 1, 1917

Torrington, - - July 1, 1919

Orange, - - July 1, 1917

Darien, - - July 1, 1919

Middlefield, - - July 1, 1919

C. E. Beach,
Karmi Kimberly,
Wilson H. Lee,
Howard S. Neilson,
H. H. Lyman,

members

Hartford County,
New Haven County,

865

New London County,
Fairfield County,

Windham County,

Litchfield County,

Middlesex County,
Tolland County,

appointed by the general assembly.

N. H. Brewer, Hockanum,
Clifford I. Stoddard, Woodbridge,

Chapel Street, New Haven, P. O. Box 189.

Fernando Wheeler, Stonington,
J. Arthur Sherwood, Easton,

p. O. Long Hill, R. D. 5.

Everett E. Brown, Pomfret Centre^

H. P. Deming, Robertsville,

Frank E. Boardman, Middletown, -
Chas. a. Thompson, Melrose, -

OFFICERS OF THE BOARD. •
Governor Marcus H. Holcomb, President ex officio.

1917
1917

1917
1917

1919

1919

1919
1915

Wilson H. Lee,
Leonard H. Healey,
Chas. A. Thompson,
Dr. E. H. Jenkins,
Dr. C. P, Clinton,
Dr. W. E. Britton,
N. S. Platt, -

Orange -

North Woodstock

Melrose

New Haven, -

New Haven, -

New Haven, -

New Haven, -

Vice-President

Secretary

Treasurer

Chemist

Botanist

- Entomologist

Pomologist

executive committee and auditors.

N. H. Brewer.

J. Arthur Sherwood,

Fernando Wheeler.

STATE OF CONNECTICUT

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE

ROOM 62, Capitol.

TO HIS EXCELLENCY,

MARCUS H. HOLCOMB,

Governor of Connecticut.

Sir: —

In accordance with the provisions of the statute I have the
honor, as Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, to submit
herewith the Report of the Board for the year ending September
30, 1916.

Very respectfully yours,

Leonard Holmes Healey,

Secretary.
Hartford, Oct. 1, 1916.

CONNECTICUT '^-<-*^

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE

The Connecticut State Board of Agriculture was established
by act of Legislature, holden in New Haven on the first day of
May, 1866. Said act provided that the Board should consist of
the Governor, one person appointed from each county by the
incorporated agricultural societies in each county, receiving an
annual bounty from the State, and four other persons appointed by
the Governor, with the advice and consent of the Senate.

This Board was empowered to receive and hold donations or
bequests for promoting agricultural education and the general
interests of husbandry ; to prescribe forms for and regulate the
returns required from agricultural societies.

The Secretary was required by statute to visit different
sections of the State annually, for the purpose of inquiring into
the methods and wants of practical husbandry, ascertaining the
adaptation of agricultural products to soil, climate, and markets,
encouraging the establishment of agricultural libraries and
reading rooms, and disseminating agricultural information by
lectures or otherwise.

For the purpose of preventing the spread of contagious
diseases among domestic animals, the Board could prohibit the
introduction of any such animals into the State, and could quaran-
tine any infected animal in the State. The Board could also
appoint three commissioners on diseases of domestic animals,
having all of the powers of the Board in regard thereto.

c By act of the General Assembly of 1897, the Board was

^ re-organized to consist of one member from each county of the
"^' State, elected by the Senators and Representatives of said counties
.^^^ respectively, and the power to investigate the contagious diseases
of domestic animals was given to one commissioner, appointed by
the Governor, with the advice and consent of the Senate.

>

8 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

The Legislature of 1899 amended this act by providing for
the appointment of one member from each congressional district
by the Governor, making the Board to consist of twelve members
as formerly, with the Governor as president, ex-officio.

The Legislature of 1913 again amended this act ; to comply
with the redistricting of the State, providing for an appointment
by the Governor of one member from each of the five congressional
districts so that the Board now consists of thirteen members with
the Governor as president, ex-officio.

The statute reads as follows : — The State Board of Agriculture
shall consist of the Governor, who shall be ex-officio president of
the Board, and thirteen other persons. During the first month of
the session of the general assembly in 1915, and quadrennially
thereafter, the Governor shall appoint one member of said Board
from the second congressional district, and one member from the
fourth congressional district, and one member from the fifth
congressional district, and during the first month of the session
of 1917, and quadrennially thereafter, he shall appoint one
member from the first congressional district and one from the
third congressional district. Such appointment shall be made
with the consent of the senate. During the first" month of the
session of the general assembly of 1915, and quadrennially there-
after, the senators and representatives of each of the counties
of Windham, Litchfield, Middlesex and Tolland shall elect for each
of said counties a resident of such county to be a member of said
Board, and during the first month of the session of 1917, and
quadrennially thereafter, the senators and representatives of each
of the counties of Hartford, New Haven, New London and
Fairfield shall elect for each of said counties a resident of such
county to be a member of said Board. Each of said members
shall hold office for four years from the first of July succeeding
such appointment or election. Vacancies that occur when the
general assembly is not in session may be filled by appointment
by the Governor until the Wednesday of the third week of the
session of the next general assembly, and vacancies so filled, or
occurring during a session of the general assembly, may be filled
for the unexpired portions of terms as herein provided for
elections or appointments for full terms.

The board shall, during the month of September in each

1916.] THE BOARD. 9

year, appoint a secretary, a treasurer, and such other officers as.
the Board shall determine, who shall hold office for the term of
one 3^ear from the first day of October next succeeding their
appointment and until their successors are appointed and qualified.
The treasurer shall give a bond of four thousand dollars for the
faithful discharge of his duties. The Board shall have its office
in the Srate Capitol building.

Flon. Theodore S. Gold of West Cornwall was elected the
first secretary in 1866, and was re-elected each year until July 1,
1901, when he was succeeded by Col. James F. Brown of North
Stonington, who held the office until July 1, 1909, when he was
succeeded by I. C. Fanton of Westport, who held the office until
July 1, 1911, when he was succeeded by Leonard H. Healey of
North Woodstock, the present secretary.

10 BOARD OF AGRICULTtJRE. [Oct.

CAPITOL, Hartford, October 1, 1916.

The State Board of Agriculture, since! its creation in May,
1866, by the State Legislature then in session in New Haven, has
been a potent factor in the growth and advancement of all our
agricultural interests. Its membership, composed of those actively
engaged in agricultural pursuits, is in direct sympathy and close
touch with those whom their assistance is intended to help.

During the past year and a quarter, the period covered by
this report, the Board has held ten meetings. These include the
meetings of the Executive Committee which were authorized by
the Board. At these meetings the members have outlined the
work and the Secretary has endeavored to see that this outline
was perfected. During 'this period inquiries have been received
from every state in the Union asking for copies of our "Connecti-
cut Agriculture." In many cases this has resulted in the sale of
some of the properties therein listed. We have had a goodly
number of letters from those whose farms have thus been sold.
The following is one of these showing that this feature of the
Board's activities is appreciated :

"I have sold my place at Sharon and Kent to a
party who saw it described in your publication.
Please accept thanks for your kindness and as-
sistance in the matter."

No fee for listing or commission when sold is required of
those whose farm properties are described in the publication.

Much time has been spent in perfecting the list of owners of
the pure-breds of the four dairy breeds and getting the number
owned by them and the number for sale. This information we
have on file and does anyone desire to purchase cows, bulls,
heifers or calves, we can tell them where they may be found, thus
bringing the seller and buyer together.

Quite a little time has been spent in collecting data to be used
at the hearings before the Interstate Commerce Commission which

1916.] THE BOARD. 11

were held to investigate the milk situation. The abolishment
of the Leased Car System in New England was due almost wholly
to the efforts of the Connecticut State Board of Agriculture, the
Connecticut Dairymen's Association, the Connecticut State
Grange and the Extension Department of the College co-operating.
The benefits which the dairy interests will receive from this work
alone cannot even be estimated. The effort which the farmers
are putting forth to obtain better prices for their milk, (to which
the Board is lending its assistance) is one that is absolutely neces-
sary if the farmers are to continue in the dairy business. Co-
operation is the most important factor in farm success at the
present time. The farmers must become students of the market-
ing problems. Production is most important but the marketing
of their products is more important.

The inquiries received at the office are numerous and ask for
information pertaining to all branches of farm husbandry. These
were contained in 1029 letters to which personal replies were
dictated, as shown by our records from January 1st to October
1st. There were also 1591 circular letters mailed, 221 copies of
"Connecticut Agriculture," 10 Spray Calendars, 1064 Fair Dates,
and 3,000 of our annual reports, most of which were put out in
the quarter previous to January 1st.

The National Dairy ShoWgheld in the city of Springfield was
the greatest event for the promotion of New England agriculture
that the East has ever witnessed. While the dairy cattle there
-exhibited, or others like them, will never be owned by the com-
mon farmer, they were nevertheless, an incentive for them to get
better ones than many of them now own. The State exhibits of
agricultural products made by the New England States were
admired by all. Only words of appreciation were heard. Our
Western friends were especially outspoken in their admiration of
the New England products. Connecticut's exhibit compared most
favorably with those made by her sister States. Considering the
4:ime in which we had to gather the display and the amount of
money spent in putting it on, it was a decided success. The
sincere thanks of the Secretary are due not only to those Connec-
ticut Associations who took hoki of the work so heartily, but also
to those individual members of those Associations who labored so
faithfully to make the exhibits a success.

12 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

If these exhibits are to be a permanent part of the Eastern
States Industrial Show, Connecticut should have a suitable build-
ing in which to make her exhibit. We believe it is something
worth while and should be brought to the attention of our Legis-
lators.

Respectfully submitted,

Leonard H. Healey, Secretary.

STATE OF CONNECTICUT

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE

PURE - BREDS
AYRSHIRES

GUERNSEYS

JERSEYS
HOLSTEINS

AND

ADDRESSES OF THEIR OWNERS

14 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct..

"THE AYRSHIRE."

'The home of the Ayrshire is Scotland. The County of "Ayr"
in the southwest of Scotland is hilly and in some parts even
mountainous, abounding in bleak, elevated moors and exposed
hillsides. These elevations are swept by bleak and chilly winds
from the Atlantic. Under these conditions the Ayrshire has
shown her ability to forage for herself, to withstand the disagree-
able weather and to produce the milk which is so necessary from
her owner's viewpoint. The County of Ayr is essentially a dairy
county. Its inhabitants used the greatest care in selecting and
breeding their dairy herds. For a long term of years, everything
was made secondary to the rearing of cows that would make
large quantities of milk and of a good quality. The udder was
the point toward which the careful Scotchman directed all his
efforts for a long period of years. The Ayrshire has a highly
nervous temperament, a superabundance of nerves, and is ever
willing to employ itself, either in self defense or self support.
Charles L. Flint, in his admirable work on "Dairy Farming" says,
"All dairy farmers who have had any experience on the point,
agree in stating that the Ayrshire cow generally gives a larger
return of milk for the food consumed than a cow of any other
breed."

History tells us that the Duke of Athol owned a cow which
made a record of twelve quarts a day for 365 days, or more than
8,000 pounds, and this in the year 1861.

The first Ayrshires in America were imported into New York
in 1837, and the first into Connecticut in 1837. The Ayrshire
Breeders' Association is the outgrowth of a convention held in
Hartford, April 5, 1859, to organize "The Association of Breeders
of Thoroughbred Neat Stock." This name was continued until
1875. Then the Association was re-organized and in 1886 was
incorporated under the laws of Vermont, with S. M. Wells of
Wethersfield as one of the original signers, and who served as a
member of the Executive Committee.

The first importation of Ayshires direct from Scotland to
Connecticut was made by the late C. M. Pond of Hartford, in
1858. The foundation stock for other prominent herds was made
by the selections from Massachusetts and New York herds. The
prices paid for such animals ranged from $200 to $750 each.

1916] AYRSHIRE CATTLE. 15

The first publication of Ayrshire records was a private enter-
prise and known as the "Bragg" records. These records were in-
complete and lacked sufficient authorative information. Only two
small volumes of the "Bragg" edition were published.

The first Ayrshire Record book of the Ayrshire Breeders^
Association was published in 1875, there being then forty breeders
of record in Connecticut, but only one of that number is shown on
the records as a breeder at the present time, he being Dudley
Wells, of the original firm of S. M. and D. Wells of Wethersfield,
whose herd was established in 1863 and which represents the
second oldest herd in the United States of an unbroken period of
breeding.

Early private milk records of herds and individual cows,,
especially throughout New England, indicate that the foundation*
cows possessed dairy qualities of high order, and those of Con-
necticut were among the best.

Mysie 2nd — 1634 — born March 17, 1869, was one of the early
sensational cows of the breed. She was bred and maintained in
the Wells herd, during her entire life of nineteen years. Her
yearly milk record in 1878 was 13,468 pounds, in 1879 was 11,534»-
and 1880, 10,123 pounds, dropping a calf each year. Beginning
in April, 1881, for four months and seven days she gave 7,539
pounds. During August and Septem.ber, being at the fair, her
milk was not weighed. Her butter yield for seven days was 21i
pounds. Her highest daily yield was 80 pounds of milk. In Octo-
ber she gave 1,315 pounds and in February, 499 pounds. She
calved again the following April, within the twelve months of her
yearly milking period. With a reasonable estimate of her yield,
during the months her milk was not weighed, her yield during the
fourth year of her test would nearly equal that of the first year.

Connecticut Ayrshires have been successful to a marked
degree in the show rings of New England and at great expositions.
The highest honors were awarded them at the Philadelphia Cen-
tennial in 1876, the International Dairy Show at Madison Square
Garden, New York, in 1879, the Universal Exposition at St. Louis,
in 1894 and at the largest New England shows of recent dates.

Connecticut Ayrshires have taken an important part in the
foundation of herds in other parts of the country. Shipments
from here have been made to various states, from Maine to the

16 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

Gulf of Mexico, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and to Bermuda,
Cuba and Japan.

A number of Connecticut breeders have made exceptionally
creditable advanced registry records, among them being the Con-
necticut Agricultural College, Branford Farms, Dudley Wells &
Son and Henry Dorrance.

Official advanced registry yearly records of the breed through-
out the list show that two hundred and thirty-five mature cows
have given 10,000 to 18,110 pounds of milk with 328 to 960
pounds of fat. More than one hundred four-year-olds have given
9,000 to 17,657 pounds of milk with 308 to 821 pounds of fat.
More than one hundred and fifty three-year-olds have given 8,000
to 15,122 pounds of milk with 302 to 640 pounds of fat. More
than two hundred two-year-olds have given 7,500 to 15,186 pounds
of milk with 296 to 627.13 pounds of fat. Five mature cows have
given from 20,174 to 23,022 pounds of milk with 774.73 to 917.60
pounds of fat.

The natural tendency of the Ayrshire cow to adapt herself to
any environment, and by her quick and liberal response to indul-
gent treatment, together with her attractive appearance, places
her as a cow to be highly desired.

CONNECTICUT OWNERS AND BREEDERS OF
AYRSHIRE CATTLE.

•

Aiken, Mrs. Ella R., Norwalk

Averill, R, J., Washington Depot

Avery. John D., North Stonington

Armstrong, F. S. , Yantic

Apter, A. J., Hartford

Anderson, John, Hotchkissville

Anderson, J. H., Washington

Ahlberg, Alex, New Britain

Atwood, D. M., Middlebury

Allison. Nathan K., Granby

Bacon, J., Killingly

Barnex^, Newton D., Farmington

Baton, John A., Wauregan j-

Bigelow, J. C. & Son, So. Manchester

Bowen, Geo. S., Eastford

1916.]

AYRSHIRE CATTLE.

17

Bragf?, W. L.,
Branford Farms,
Brown, Philetus,
Barnard, E. A,,
Bedford, Chas. E.,
Benton, Eliot,
Buckland, W. F.,
Barrows, S. O. ,
Burr, R. C,
Barber, H. C,
Brook Farm,
Bronson, E. H.,
Brown, J. F.,
Brown, H. B.,
Burt, Chas. F.,
Conn. Agricultural College,
Conn. Insane Asylum,
Darling, Geo. H.,
Dresser, Geo. E.,
Davis, A. B.,
Dominick, Geo. F., Jr.,
Doyle, R. E.,
Dykes, W. J.,
Dean, Robert,
D]ll, H. B.,
Dorrance, Henry,
Downs, C. A.,
Clark, Harry C,
Calhoun, Geo. B.,
Curtiss, Chas. S.,
Coates, Geo. D,,
Caffrey, James T.,
Carson, John W.,
Chabot, Peter,
Collins, Herbert P.,
Champlin, John H.,
Chase, C. V.,
Clauson, Nita,
Clark, W. F.,
Conley, L. D.,
Eno, Lewis G. ,
Eke, Carl E. ,
Ellis, George D.,
Edelson, Louis A.,
Edgerton, H. C,
Fischer, W. H.,
Fielding, Ella, Mrs.,
Foster, J. R.,

Wauregan

Groton

Old Mystic

Bloomfield

Greens Farms

Guilford

Weatogue

Rockville

West Norfolk

Windsor

Mansfield Depot

Woodbury

Stonington

Central Village

Gilead

Storrs

Middletown

Bloomfield

Putnam

Rockville

Greenwich

Rockville

Litchfield

Niantic

Cheshire

Plainfield

Killingly

North Woodstock

Nev/ Milford

Woodbury

North Stonington

Cromwell

Enfield

Danielson

Columbia

Stonington

Putnam

Killingly

Lebanon

Bridgeport

Simsbury

Putnam

Norwich

Berlin

East Hampton

New Canaan

Norwich

South Manchester

18

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Oct.

Furber, John F.,
Fairbank, C. C,
Feitmann, H. C,
Gallup, Geo. H. & Son,
Frink, Geo.,
Gage, Chas. A., Jr.,
Grant, Geo.,
Green, Frank B.,
Gallup, J.,
Gunther Bros.,
Greig, James,
Hall, Edward & Son,
Hanford, C. 0. & Son,
Healey, L. H.,
Higgins, Edwin W.,
Hyde Park Farm,
Home, Dan D. ,
Hopkins, Clark & Son,
Hopkins, Henry,
Hutchins, J. H.,
Highland Lake Farm,
Hatch, Albert P.,
Howard, C. H.,
Huntington, Ziba,
Hebler, Geo.,
Hewitt, Geo. H. Jr.,
Ives, R. L. ,
Johnson, Merwin W.
Johnson, H. V.,
Jennings, Archibald,
Kahn, Geo. A.,
Lamphier, F. C,
Lee, Wilson H.,
Long, John,
Lewis, Joseph,
Lawson, Alex,
Markham, D. A.,
MacCurdy, Geo. G.,
Manwaring, John,
Murphy Bros.,
Maynard, Chas. E.,
Molloy, James B,,
Morgan, S. W.,
Meeker, E. E.,
Miller, Frank C,
McCarthy, J. D.,
McLimon, Walter,
Nolan, Ella, Mrs.,

Chapinsville
Saybrook •"

Noroton
Moosup

East Woodstock
Norwich
Taftville
Plainfield
Sterling
Rockville
Hampton '
Plainfield
Suffield

North Woodstock
Norwich
Rockville
Norv/ich
Plainfield
Plainfield
Abington
Winsted
Stamford
Ellington
Chaplin
Norwalk
Torrington
West Cornwall
Stepney Depot
Winsted
Cornwall Bridge
Yantic
Watertown
Orange
Ellington
Winsted
Middletown

Westchester Farms, Colchester
New Haven
Norwich
New Hartford
Norwich. R. F. D.
New Haven
Wethersfield
New Preston
Canaan
Norwich
Preston
Wilton

1916.]

AYRSHIRE CATTLE.

19

Newell, S. D.,
O'Brien, Edward N.,
Palmer, Edward G.,
Pringle, Henry A.,
Paige, Fred W.,
Peck, Robert N.,
Perkins, Russel,
Pierce, C. Clark,
Pierce, Clarance A. ,
Porter, Lyman B.,
Rhoades, A. L.,
Reed, E. E.,
Richmond, FredL.,
Rider, C. H.,
Raymond, O. A.,
Reynolds, Mrs. A. E.,
Root Bros. ,
Sanders, Richard,
Stoddard, James,
Stoddard, Kent E.,
Shearer, Geo. L.,

Slater, B. F.,

Smith, E. B.,

Strong, N. Morgan,

Stuart Bros.,

Speikerman, Frank,

Sinclair, Robert,

Sherwood, Wm. J.,

Shairo, Charles,

Smith, Lyman B.,

Slater, B. F.,

Segar, Wm. H.,

Smith, L. B.,

Swan, John,

Tomlinson, E. M.,

Tripp, P. G.,

Tyler, Chas. R.,

Usher, Merritt,

Vine Hill Farm,

Wayside Farm,

Wells, James,

Wells, Dudley 2nd,

Wells, Wm. T.,

Wood, Byron,

West, Herbert,

V/inship, W. A.,

Welch, Mrs. Margaret,

Wheeler, Miss Laura,

Bristol

Norwich

Plainfield

Hampton

Wauregan

New Britian

Pomfret Center

Putnam

Putnam

South Coventry

Pomfret Center

Bethlehem

South Coventry

Vernon

Wethersfield

Mansfield Center

Leonard Bridge

Norwich

Gales Ferry

Newington Junction
West Morris

Rbckville

Stafford Springs

Vernon Center

Southington

Greenwich

Monroe

Westport

Rockville

Norwich, R. F. D., No. 7

Rockville

Willimantic

Norwich

Sej-mour

Oronoque

New Britain, R. F. D., No. 2
Pomerov Ave., East Meriden

Merrov%7s

Elmwood

Putnam

Wethersfield

Wethersfield

Newington

Danielson

Stonington

Southbury

Orange

Sharon

20 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

Webster, M. C, Harwinton

Wheeler, Ralph C, Stonington

Warren, George B., Danbury

Wolfe, W, A. , South Coventry

Walbridge, John N., Rockville

Whitehead, J. F., Washington Depot

White, Alex, Turnerville

Wells, DeForest, Danielson

Zuetzin, Martin, Ellington

THE GUERNSEY.

In some respects the Guernsey may be said to have had its
first home in Connecticut. The American Guernsey Cattle Club,
which was organized in New York in 1877, elected as its first
secretary Mr. Edward Norton, of Farmington, Connecticut, and

from that date until 1693 the executive ofiice of the Herd Book

*

Association was retained at Mr. Norton's house. Mr. Charles M.
Beech, of Hartford, was also one of the charter members, and a
number of other Connecticut people living mostly in the neigh-
borhood of Farmington were early owners of registered stock.
Many of these early breeders were discouraged by their inability
to obtain sufficient stock for their purposes, as the demand for
these animals greatly exceeded the supply, and imports were not
made to any great extent.

Within the last fifteen years there has been a very decided
revival in interest in the Guernsey in Connecticut, as well as in
other parts of the country v/here the highest class of dairy products
are in demand. There are at present about fifty persons breeding
pure-bred Guernseys in Connecticut, and some of the most cele-
brated animals of the breed have been owned in this State. Con-
necticut Guernseys received many prizes at the National Dairy
Show, in Springfield. The Connecticut Guernsey Club was organ-
ized several years ago, and field meetings are held at various
farms from time to time.

1916.]

GUERNSEY CATTLE.

21

CONNECTICUT OWNERS AND BREEDERS OF
GUERNSEY CATTLE.

Alsop, Joseph W.,

Avery, A. T.,

Barnard, L. H.,

Benham, J. H.,

Birdseye, Arthur L.,

Bugbee, H. A.,

Camp, W. H.,

Cannon, John B.,

Chapman, Jesse H.,

Chase, H. S.,

Cheney, B. Austin,

Cheney, H. G.,

Connecticut Agricultural College,

Converse, E. C,

Cowles, H. M.,

Curtis, E. D.,

Deming, H, P.,

Dexter Farm,

Dimock Est., H. F.,

Dove, John,

Eno, C. H.,
Gallagher, J. F.,
Holcomb, Walter B.,
Holmes, Walter W.,
McKnight, John T.,
Mager, F. Robert,
Martin, Grinnell,
Moore, E. A.
Navin, T. J.,
Ney, P. S.,
Olmsted, Olin S.,
Palmer, James B.,
Pope, Mrs. Alfred A. ,
Scoville, Robert & Herbert,
Sumner, George,
Thomas Est, E. S.,
Thomas, W. S.
Thompson, Charles J. ,
Thompson, Charles J.,
Tillotson, E. W.,
Trail, M. L.,
Tuttle, Howard B.,
Webster, A. B.,
Williams, N. G.,
Woodruff, Rollin S.,

Avon

Quinebaug
Bloomfield
Seymour

50 State Street, Hartford
870 Main Street, Willimantc
43 E. Main St., Waterbury
Granby
Groton
Litchfield
Litchfield
South Manchester
Storrs
Greenwich
Farmington
Bantam
Robertsville
Kent

South Coventry
Litchfield
Simsbury

276 Wolcott St. , Waterbury
Simsbury
Waterbury
Ellington
Milford
Milford
New Britain
Clark's Corner
Farmington
Hazardville
Norwich
Farmington
Taconic
New Milford
Groton
Groton
Berlin
Farmington
Farmington
Groton
Naugatuck
Litchfield
Brooklyn
New Haven

22 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

THE JERSEY.

In the English Channel, a few miles off the coast of France,
lies the little isle of Jersey, long known as the "garden spot of the
world," with land at $500.00 and upward per acre and rental pro-
portionately high. Very small farms and extremely intensive
culture is the practice.

Under these conditions where every foot of land must work and
every pound of forage be utilized to the greatest possible advantage
has been developed a breed of cattle who are a veritable mirror
of the people who bred them. In Jersey nearly every farmer is a
breeder ; not as we term breeders in America, as simply one who
mates together animals, but a true breeder, who has well defined
ideas of what he wishes to reproduce and how to attain his goal ;
where son follows father until in the cattle of today we can see
the work and handicraft of generation after generation of con-
certed effort toward a definite end. Is it any wonder that these
thrifty, careful and trained people should develop a breed of cattle
who are veritable specialists in converting forage into rich milk
and yellow butter at the least possible cost, until economical pro-
duction has come to be the trade-mark of the Jersey cow ? The
Isle of Jersey is under English tule and a Royal decree that
absolutely prohibits the importation of cattle of any breed except
for immediate slaughter has kept the breed pure and has also
kept out that dread scourge of the dairy world, tuberculosis (a
disease unknown on the island), as well as other ills that hinder
the best development of cattle kind in every other part of the
world. While a well regulated system of official inspection, com-
parative judging stimulated by prizes and medals for individual
excellence, and high yields of milk and butter in competitive tests,
coupled with government encouragement to breed only from the
best sires, together with nature's greatest quality builder, "the
survival of the fittest," has built up a breed of cattle phenomenal in
their trueness to type, longevity, and their ability to produce and
reproduce.

For more than 65 years the Island of Jersey has contributed
of its best to the building up of the breed in America, Connecticut
playing the part of pioneer in this great work, even today the
world famous importations of Traintor and Colt are conceded to
have been the best possible foundation for the upbuilding of the

1916.] JERSEY CATTLE. 23

breed in their new home, until from Massachusetts to CaUfornia,
and from Michigan to Texas, one can find herd after herd who
drew their foundation from the Nutm^eg State and builded wiser
than they knew.

In January, 1888, the Connecticut Jersey Cattle Breeders'
Association was organized and has done much for the breed
within the State.

Is there any business except dairying where the rank and file
of people consider that the largest income or output also indicates
the greatest profit ? We think not. To determine the net profit
deduct your expense from the total income and you have your
answer. This brings the matter down to efficiency, which in
cow lore means economical production, and not necessarily the
largest yield obtainable regardless of feed consumed. To match
a 1,000 pound cow against a cow weighing 1,200 to 1,500 pounds,
making no allowance for feed consumed is not fair comparison.

To determine the relative ability of the various dairy breeds
as profit producers, there was held at the World's Fair in Chicago
a competitive test where each breed Association was invited to
furnish a number of their best cows for the contest, each cow
being credited with the value of Ijer product, and charged with
her feed at uniform prices. Guernseys, Shorthorns, and Jerseys
competing. In this test the Jerseys gave more milk, made more
cheese, made more butter, gave more solids other than butter fat,
required less milk to make a pound of butter, required less milk
to make a pound of cheese, made both butter and cheese of higher
quality, and returned a greater net profit than did their compet-
itors, the little State of Connecticut furnishing six of this Jersey
herd or more than any other one State.

Again at the World's Fair held in St. Louis in 1904, where a
similar contest was held. Jerseys, Holsteins, Brown Swiss, and
Shorthorns competing, the Jerseys not only won the butter test,
winning 14 out of 15 first places, but also in class "B" for the
economical production of milk for all purposes related to dairying,
where each was credited with everything that they produced,
and charged with all food that they consumed, the Jerseys
won 13 out of the first 15 places, many of these cows
being direct descendants of Connecticut bred cattle, while Figgis
76106, who was grand champion female in the showing at the
Exposition, was bred in Middlefield, Conn.

24 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

In 1868 an organization to develop the breed, keep it pure,
and its records correct was started, and in April, 1880, the Amer-
ican Jersey Cattle Club was incorporated in New York and has
been only second to the Jersey cow herself in making for the
wonderful spread and development of the breed, Connecticut
breeders bearing an important part of this great work.

That Connecticut Jerseys can give a handicap and still win is
further demonstrated by their work in the "open to the world" one
day butter tests held annually at Charter Oak Fair, Hartford, with
all breeds competing. Connecticut Jerseys have won first place
every year save the first, 1908, when they won second; in 1909
winning first and second; 1910, first; 1911, first and second; 1912,.
first; 1913, first, second and third, while in 1914, the first year
when six prizes were offered, the Jerseys won first, second and
fourth places, the highest yield being SOJ pounds of milk and 2.95
pounds of butter, and this amidst the bustle and excitement of the
fairgrounds.

In 1913 this same Fair management offered premiums for
the best dairy cows regardless of breed, divided into two classes,
over three years old and under that age, the Jersey's Fontaine's
Sayda 178267 winning first in a*ged class, and Nobles Fairy Queen
295025 winning second in Jr. class and both from Connecticut,
and in competition with the crack herds from the New England
and Middle States.

While there is in some quarters an impression that the Jersey
Cow does not give sufficient milk to make her profitable, where
milk alone is sold for market, this is not in the least true of well
bred Jerseys. Many of our largest and most enthusiastic breeders
retail Jersey milk, which not only commands a premium on the
market and is a trade builder, but he has the satisfaction of giving
his customers good value for their money, and whole herds average
in excess of 7,000 pounds of milk per cow, this for everything in
milk, while a two-year-old heifer that will not milk more than
6,000 pounds for the year is apt to be considered ordinary, while
7,000 to 8,000 pounds for that age heifers is not an uncommon
yield in this State. As an example of what can be done in a
modest way, the work of Mr. W. G. Atkins, Forestville, Conn., is
such a striking example as to demand special menntion. Mr^
Atkins started with one Jersey heifer, breeding her and her

\

1916.] JERSEY CATTLE. 25

offspring to the best bulls obtainable, and saving his heifer calves
until his herd assumed such size to warrant the keeping of a
bull, which he then purchased. Having to work for his living
and starting with limited means, he did not invest large sums in
the purchase of 'bulls, but secured the best he could at moderate
figures, butter was made and sold, and accurate record was kept
of the milk yield of each cow, and while Mr. Atkins' work as a
mechanic in a large hardware factory kept him from his farm ta
such an extent that he had to depend on employed men to work
the farm and care for the stock, the herd has steadily increased
until it nov/ numbers close to 100 head, over forty of which are
now in milk, and practically no culling done yet. The milk yield
of the entire herd that has been in milk for a year, good arid
indifferent, young and old, averages just a trifle under 7,000
pounds per cow for 1914, and the average herd test as near as
can be now determined, is probably 5i per cent, fat, making a
probable butter yield of 425 pounds per head for the entire herd,,
all bred from one cow by one man, with a small outlay of money^
and working under the handicap that limited means, and learning
as you work imposes, this should be an inspiration to all.

Space will not permit mention of but a few of the great
Jerseys Connecticut has contributed. Among these we will
mention :

Milk for Butter for
the year the year

Molly of Edgewood No. 167956 14036 lbs. 830 lbs.

De Lavals Isanthe No. 191473 15900 lbs. 802 lbs.

Caro's Sarai No. 256397 15413 lbs. 906 lbs.

Pet of Belleview No. 204033 , 14592 lbs. 926 lbs.

Eminent's Bess No. 209719 18782 lbs. 1132 lbs.

Eminent's Bess was owned in Connecticut and sold to
Michigan, where this record was made, which made her the
champion Jersey at that time, and her milk yield still stands at
the head for the breed.

In family building, too, Connecticut has done her full share,,
the great bull Combination, head of the Combination family, was
bred in Berlin, Conn., and sold young for $150.00.

The Sayda Family, who are today making history, in fact^^
Sayda's Queen of Ventnor 168033, whose recent yield of 13,280

26 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

pounds of milk and 890 pounds of butter, starting her test when
twelve years old, now heads the list in yield for all Jerseys of her
age, is a direct descendant of Sayda 4400, a famous Connecticut
cow. Other families who are known to fame are the Coomassies,
St. Heliers, Altheas, and the justly great Sophie Tormentor family,
who have furnished more cows of the breed making over 1,000
pounds of butter yearly than any other family, as well as produc-
ing Sophie 19th of H. F. 189748, whose year's yield of 17,557
pounds of milk and 1,175 pounds of butter place her ahead of all
other Jerseys, while her first five years' work of 64,005 pounds of
milk testing 4,414 pounds of butter, proclaim her the Champion
long distance dairy cow of the world, and she was bred in Connec-
ticut, from a family that was founded in Connecticut. Why even
the Champion three-year-old of California, Victor's Lady Queen
218349, who milked 10380 pounds testing 714 pounds of butter in
regular herd work was Connecticut bred, and as more and better
Jerseys are being produced within the State every day, the oppor-
tunity to secure foundation stock that are really worth while is
steadily improving, while the demand for really good cattle is
assuming such proportions that as a business proposition there
are few lines that offer such an attractive opening as the
breeding and development of high class cattle. The cow popu-
lation of our Eastern States is steadily decreasing, while the
demand for dairy products is just as steadily increasing, yet clean
rich milk at 12 cents a quart is the very cheapest perishable
food one can buy in the open market today. Dairymen are
being awakened to the fact that with the present high cost of
feed and labor only the best cows will pay a profit, hence the-
demand for really good cows that will work every day in the
year, and Connecticut Jerseys specialize along that line.

1916.]

JERSEY CATTLE.

27

CONNECTICUT OWNERS AND BREEDERS OF

JERSEY CATTLE.

Atkins, W. G.,
Atwood, J. Arthur,
Auchincloss, Mrs. Cath. S.,
Averill, Lewis F. ,
Babbitt, Henry A,,
Baldwin, F. J.,
Barnes, A. Victor,
Bassett, H. W.,
Beach, Charles M., Est. of
Belding, A. N.,
Benedict, A, L,,
Bickford, H. J.,
Bingham, Herbert C,
Bissell, A. T.,
Bliss, Cath. A.,
Blight, T. D.,
Boody, Henry T.,
Brainard, Mrs. Mary B.,
Brewer, Edgar,
Brown, Malcolm C,
Browning, James,
Burnham, F.,
Burnham, S. M., Est. of
Burt, Charles F. ,
Cadwell, Samuel,
Campe, Wm. P.,
Caswell, Lemuel C,
Chapman, F. S.,
Chisholm, B. Ogden,
Christy, Charles R.,
Clarke, W. C, Est. of
Close, Albert W.,
Coe, Mrs. Cyrus,
Colegrove, Allyn B.,
Collins, J. E.,
Colt, Mrs. Samuel C,
Colton, Fred M.,
Conn. Agricultural College, '
Covell, J. S.,
Cowles, W.,
Cowles, W. H.,
Cromwell, Floyd C,
Davis, Frank O.,
Dean, George,

Forestville
Wauregan
Darien

Pomfret Centre
Pomfret Centre
Watertown
New Canaan
Derby

West Hartford
Rockville
New Canaan
Colebrook
West Hartford
Rockville
New Canaan
Lebanon
Rockville
Hartford
Hockanum
Quaker Hill
Stonington
Naugatuck
Naugatuck
Andover
Glastonbury
Durham
West Hartford
Saybrook
Ridgefield
Stamford
New Canaan
Stamford
Rockfall
Middletown
Mount Windsor
Farmington
Granby
Storrs

Colebrook River
Buckland
Rockville
Middletown
Pomfret Centre
North Woodstock

28

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Oct.

Dimon, G. B.,
Disbrow, Chas. H.,
Dresser, J. D.,
Duffy, F. E.,
Dunn, E. R.,
Eno, Harry P. ,
Eno, Richard B.,
Fliess, Wm. M., Jr.,
Foote, N.,
Ford,'w. L.,
Frisbie, M. W., & Son,
Gilbert Farm,
Goodwin, J, J., & F,,
Goodhue, Mrs. S. C.,
Griffith, J. A.,
Henney, David,
Henry, E. Stevens,
Hill, R. D.,
Holbrook, Smith,
Holt, Mrs. Caroline E.,
Holt, Thomas,
Honold, C. Albert,
Hoyt, Thereon G. ,
Jennings, Oliver G.,
Johnson, Samuel,
Kelley, Henry,
Kilburn, Mrs. S. M.,
King, Charles G. ,
Kingsbury, John E.,
Latimer, A. L., Estate of,
Latimer, E. H., & Son,
Lee, Wilson H.,
Lewis, J, B.,
Lillibridge, B. W., & Son,
Mason, Henry H.,
McConway, William,
Merriam, E. D.,
Mills, H. G.,
Mills, Lyman A.,
Miller, James,
Mitchell, Alfred,
Mitchelson, George,
Morgan, John,
Morris, John B.,
Newell, S. D.,
O'Meara, Martin,
Peck, Laura E.,
Pendleton, E. G.,

Chestnut Hill

Norwalk

Thompson

West Hartford

Southington

Simsbury

Weatogue

Woodbury

Colchester

Southington

Southington

Georgetown

Hartford

New Preston

Falls Village, R.F.D.

Unionville

Rockville

Norwich

Seymour

Southington

Southington

Barkhamsted

Ridgefield

Fairfield

Tolland

New Canaan

East Litchfield

New Preston

Rockville

West Simsbury

Southington

Orange

Southington

Norwichtown

Farmington

Harwinton

South Coventry

Bloomfield

Middiefield

West Hartford

New London

Tarriffville

Hadlyme

Naugatuck

Bristol

North Granby

Redding Ridge

Norwich

1916.]

JERSEY CATTLE.

29

Perry, John H.,

Phelps. J. 0., Jr.,

Pierpont, A. J.,

Pierson, A. N.,

Pitkin, F. W.,

Pomeroy, A. H.,

Prescott, F. K.,

Prescott, Wm. H. , Est. of,

Quinion, R. N.,

Read, A. F.,

Ripley, J. Dwight, Est. of,

Robbins, S. W., Est. of,

Robertson, Mrs. F. P.,

Roberts, Otis,

Sanford, Edward,

Savage, C. H.,

Schmidt, Eberhardt,

Schobesz, F. H.,

Seinloh Farm,

Shelton, Geo. G.,

Smith, Fanny Morris, Miss,

Slater, Henry A. ,

Stevenson, Mrs. Rose,

Stilwell, O. F.,

Stoeckel, Carl,

Sturges, Fred'k,

Swett, H. T.,

Talbot, Ward B. ,

Thrall, W. B.,

Town of Southington, The

Tuttle, Chas. L.,

Viets, H. G.,

Vorce, A. D., Est. of,

Walbridge, John N.,

Watson, Joseph E.,

Wells, A. B.,

Westland Farm,

W^heeler, Henry M.,

Whitcomb, W. 0.,

White, Edward,

Whitehead, P. B.,

Whittemore, J. H., Est. of,

Wilcox, Lowell J.,

White, W. J.,

Williams, Charles P.,

York, B. F.,

Southport

Simsbury

¥/'aterbury

Cromwell

South Manchester

Rockvilie

Rockville

Rockvilie

Bristol

Jewett City

Litchfield

Wethersfield

Quaker Hill

Bristol

Fairfield

Storrs

New Canaan

Norwich

Greenwich

Ridgefield

New Hartford

Manchester

Ellington

Unionviile

Norfolk

Fairfield

Hartford

Coventry

Rockvilie

Southington

Hartford

Granbj^

Torrington

Rockville

Marbledale

Granby

Pomfret Centre

Fairfield

New Haven

Rockville

Romford

Naugatuck

Norwichtown

Rockville

Stonington

Lebanon

30 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

THE HOLSTEIN.

In the introduction to the Netherland Herd Book, Professor
Hengerveld, an eminent authority on this breed in Holland, states
that the Dutch breed of cattle has existed on the banks of the
great rivers in Netherland since the early dawn of history, before
the Christian Era. Thus it can be safely said that their origin
and purity can be traced back for twenty centuries. This superior
race of cattle is held by historians to have so influenced the
people of that country through the ages, that their warlike habits
and seafaring nature have been changed to peaceful pursuits and
to productive industry. Dykes have been built to keep out the
water from the sea ; the land is wonderfully productive and com-
mands an extraordinarily high price, the result being that only
the highest type of cow was profitable. And while in earlier
times the principles of heredity and value of pedigree was not
generally recognized, a process of selection has slowly but effec-
tively wrought improvement to the breed.

In America.

In 1872, Mr. W. W. Chenery of Massachusetts, one of the
earliest importers in this country, made a careful study of the
origin of the cattle in Holland and came to the conclusion that
the cattle originated in the province of Holstein. Thus the Hol-
stein Herd Book of America was compiled. Later, in 1880,
breeders who disputed Mr. Chenery's findings, formed the Dutch-
Friesian Herd Book, claiming that their cattle had come from the
province of Friesland. A heated controversy arose, but when it
was discovered that all of these cattle had a common origin, and
many had come from the same herds, these differences were
amiably adjusted, and the Holstein-Friesian Association of America
was organized in 1885. These facts at present are merely inci-
dental, but it is of significant importance that the breeders
guarded against the introduction and registration of inferior
animals by having a committee to inspect and pass upon each
animal prior to registration, and as practically all animals of this
breed in America have descended from these early importations,
we can claim superiority for the American bred cattle.

1916.]

HOLSTEIN CATTLE.

31

Present day breeders have but a slight conception of the
obstacles, prejudice and ignorance met and overcome by the
pioneers, from the public, the press, and even by ardent admirers
of the breed, with respect to the marvelous productions obtained.
When Aaggie made the world's record by producing 18,004 lbs. of
milk in one year, prominent writers said that while they had
always held the owners of this cow in high esteem, they felt it
their duty to say that such records were incorrect and impossible.
This was before the time of the present system of producing ad-
vanced registry records, but when it is considered that there are
now recorded more than four hundred cows and heifers that have
produced above 18,000 pounds in one year under strict supervision,
and that Lutsche Vale Cornucopia has recently produced 31,239.2
pounds, the validity of those early records is not questioned.

There are now registered in the Herd Book 307,054 cows and
172,319 bulls (January 1, 1915), and the figures following are
interesting, as they show the remarkable rate of increase in
registered animals by years since 1897.

Date Number Date Num.ber

1897 2,536 1907 14,650

1898 2,963 1908 16,534

1899 6,478 1909 19,591

1900 4,746 ' 1910 26,176

1901 4,862 1911 32,889

1902 5,990 1912 37,435

1903 6,841 1913 43,215

1904 8,044 1914 79,000

1905 9,773 1915 92,048

1906 11,823

No other breed stands parallel in increase of registered
animals.

A Holstein Heifer the World's Wonder.

Since the inception of the present day method of conducting
official tests, wherein the milk is weighed and the fat is estimated
by means of the Babcock test, the Holstein has demonstrated her
qualities favorable to comparison with any breed of cattle. Prac-
tically all short time records are held by cows of this breed, and

32 ' BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. lOct.

they also show their right to a high rank for longer periods.
Recently a three-year-old Holstein heifer, Finderne HoUingan
Fayne, wonder of the age, amazed all the world by breaking the
fat record for all breeds, all ages, regaining laurels not long ago
lost by a full aged Holstein to a member of one of the butter
breeds. This marvelous production is the first to pass the 1,100
pound mark, standing at 1116.05 pounds of butterfat. All breeds
have shown wonderful improvement in recent years, and fre-
quently writers have declared that the limit had surely been
reached only to find, in a comparatively short time, that their
prediction had failed. However, it is doubtful if this brilliant
performance will be passed in years to come by an animal of like
age of any breed. Since these facts were set down, a year and a
half ago (May, 1915), this heifer's record has been succeeded by
two mature cows in the order given as follows : Finderne Pride
Johanna Rue, 28,403.7 pounds milk and 1176.5 fat ; and the pres-
ent holder is Duchess Skylark Ormsby with 1205.1 pounds fat
from 27,761.7 pounds milk. This enormous quantity of fat is
equivalent to 1506.4 pounds of butter (80 per cent, fat, theHolstein
factor).

One Thousand Pound Cows.

But while such productions as above cited are nothing short
of phenomenal, they have come through the infiaence of improved
handling and selection. This is shown by the official records
reported yearly by the dairy breed associations. Owing to losses
in creaming and churning, it requires on an average 85.7 pounds
of fat to produce a hundred pounds of butter. On this basis, over
fifty Holsteins have produced more than 1,000 pounds of butter, as
reported by the Superintendent of Advanced Registry to May 1,
1916. Other breeds combined cannot show a like number.

The Fifty Pound Butter Cow.

Very recntly has come the announcement that a Holstein cow
has produced 50 pounds of butter in one week. These figures are
so recent that the writer does not have the final figures as the
record is still in progress. The question has often been asked as
to when the 50 pound cow would come, but nevertheless, the
performance comes as a great surprise to the dairy world. Segis
Fayne Johanna (114,658) has produced 40.544 pounds of fat from

1916] HOLSTEIN CATTLE. 33

722 pounds of milk. This is equivalent to 50.68 pounds of butter
(80 per cent, basis). Sixteen cows have now made over 40 pounds
of butter in one week, and as a mark of progress due to improve-
ment by breeding and feeding, it should be noted that a dozen of
these have been made in the last year.

The Breed in Connecticut.

It is a matter of regret that it seems impossible at this time
to write a complete history of the introduction and development
of Holsteins in Connecticut, which, besides the interesting phase,
would show the tremendous service the Holstein cow has rendered
the State up to the present time. These details are not in
possession of the writer, but for this paper it is probably sufficient
to say that she has been firmly established as a thoroughly useful
animal to the needs of the population, her achievements bringing
wealth to those dependent upon her virtue on the farm, and health
to those relying upon her milk for human food. Much space
would be required and, in this connection, would be of doubtful
value if the history of a large number of Connecticut herds was
incorporated. Furthermore, an injustice to someone whose efforts
and achievements have not been fully brought to light would
probably occur, yet this bit should be said : One of the earliest
importers of the breed into this State was Mr. M. L. Stoddard of
Newington. Mr. A. B. Pierpont of Waterbury bought of him one
of the first pure bred Holsteins to enter that part of the State, and
Mr. Pierpont from this bull raised some very nice grade heifers
from his native cows that presented such opportunities as to en-
courage him to purchase other pure bloods, both male and female*
making the foundation of the splendid herd of pure bred Hol-
steins that occupy the farm owned later by his son, Arthur, and
still continued by the latter's estate.

A Successful Herd.

But it is quite in place to relate the history of one man's
herd which demonstrates so well the right of the Holstein cow to
have due consideration. In 1902, on a certain farm in Connecti-
cut, father and son came to the conclusion that they must either
get more for their milk, or have cows that produce more than

34 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

5,000 pounds yearly. They soon found that there was little en-
couragement in talking about price, and having decided upon
Holstein-Friesians, began to correspond with large breeders.
Deciding to invest in a young herd, they selected a bull of one of
the very best strains. Grading up was slow, as a very large
percentage of calves were bulls, and on second calving one of the
original three registered heifers was lost. In 1905 two more
heifers were purchased and again in 1910 one was added. Each
animal was carefully selected from a leading Holstein strain.
From these heifers they now have a herd of thirty females and
their herd has gradually developed from an average of 6,000
pounds to 11,510 pounds per cow, per year in 1912. In 1914 the
average was 11,829 pounds. This is doubtless the highest average
in the State, at least for cows on twice a day milking. In 1914
they officially tested for the first time, making with five daughters
of the first bull selected, over 24 pounds butter as an average ;
and one of them. Lady Netheriand De Kol Vernon, holds the
State record for a cow bred, raised and developed by an owner,
with 28.42 pounds of butter in seven days. Another bull was
purchased in 1910, and again in 1914 to avoid close inbreeding,
although line breeding is the aim of this establishment. Sum-
ming up, the proprietors of Sunny Side Farm of Hamden,
Connecticut, have this to say : "We want to say right here that
the first purchase we made in Holsteins was the best invest-
ment we ever made in our lives."

Otncial Records in Connecticut.

From records available it seems that official testing of Hol-
steins does not date back earlier than 1907. In this year, Mr. R.
E. Buell, at that time located at Gilead, Connecticut, who had
created a considerable sensation in his neighborhood by paying
$280.00 for two heifers purchased from the herd of Henry Stevens
& Son, Laconia, N. Y., made the first seven day official tests. As
junior three-year-olds Nicola Pauline De Kol, No. 80,579, produced
404.3 pounds milk and 17.19 pounds butter, and Gertie Regis De
Kol 2nd, No. 80,578, produced 408.6 pounds milk and 16.15
pounds butter. Since then the records have improved rapidly
until at present they stand as below for the various classes :

1916.] HOLSTEIN CATTLE. 35

State Record Holstein Cows.

Mature— Semi-official yearly record, milk and butter.

De Kol Hubbard Pietertje (94,136) owned by Connecticut

Agricultural College, Storrs, Conn.
Milk, 23,175.7 lbs. Butter, 1,038 lbs.

Mature— 7-day butter record.

Flamboro Witzyde De Kol (122,892) owned by Chas. Dis-

brow, Norwalk, Conn.
Butter, 32,420 lbs. Milk 585.8 lbs.

Finished January 8, 1915.

Mature— 14-day butter record (made six days before above record.)
Aaggie Albain Maid (104,113) owned by W. B. Whitlock,

Newington, Conn.
Butter, 31,403 lbs. for seven days. Milk, 579.1 lbs.

Butter, 59,491 lbs. for fourteen days.— record.

Mature — Seven-day milk record.

William's Farm Queen (143,484) owned by Gardiner Hall,

Jr. Co., South Willington, Conn.
Milk, 657.8 lbs.

Mature — One-day milk record.

Lillie De Kol Pietertje 2d, (191,499) owned by Gardiner

Hall, Jr. Co., South Willington, Conn.
Milk, 104.7 lbs.

Senior 4-year-old— 7-day record.

Lillie De Kol Pietertje 2d, (191,499) owned by Gardiner

Hall, Jr. Co., South Willington, Conn.
Butter, 28.899 lbs. Milk, 620.5 lbs.

Junior 4-year-old— 7-day record.

Pietertje De Kol Prescott, (222,91p) owned by H. I. Todd,

Hamden, Conn.
Butter 25.81 lbs. Milk, 499.1 lbs.

Senior 3-year-old — 7-day record.

Colantha De Kol Creamelle, (156,904) owned by Wallace

Holstein Co., Wallingford, Conn.
Butter, 26.03 lbs. Milk, 514.4 lbs.

36 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

Junior 3-year-old — 7-day record. "*

Braeside Amorilla Colantha, (191,212) owned by Gardiner

Hall, Jr., South Willington, Conn.
Butter, 27.805 lbs. Miljz, 601.5 lbs.

Senior 2-year-old — 7-day record.

Florence Delburn Susie Pontiac, (183,238) owned by

Lyman Keeler, Danbury, Conn.
Butter, 19,103 lbs. Milk, 393.8 lbs.

Junior 2-year.old — 7-day record.

Vena Aaggie Grietje De Kol, (226,134) owned by Lee S.

Dickinson, Bridgewater, Conn.
Butter, 21.929 lbs. Milk, 419.1 Ihs.

No attempt has been made to classify animals according to
yearly production, but it is worthy of note that the junior three-
year-old heifer, Pietertje De Kol Burke 2d, produced 18,950.1
pounds milk, and 826 pounds butter, placing her fifth in her class
of world records, and the full aged cows, De Kol Hubbard
Pietertje 2d, produced 18,207 pounds milk, and 898 pounds butter.
These cows were bred and developed in Connecticut at the Agri-
cultural College. An interesting incident in connection with the
best day's production of milk is worth relating. De Kol Hubbard
Pietertje produced 90.1 pounds in February, 1913. In December,
the same 3^ear, Genevia Maria De Kol 2nd, owned by Wallace
Holstein Co., raised it to 98.4 pounds. As if to regain lost laurels
for her herd, Fay M. 2nd of the College herd, three weeks later,
produced 98.6 pounds of milk. It is interesting to notice in the
same connection that Fay M. 2nd slightly exceeded the production
of Genevia Maria De Kol 2nd for the week, she having produced
656.7 pounds, while the latter named cow yielded 654 pounds.
In 1916 these records were surpassed as indicated in the list above.

Breeders Making Official Tests.

That Connecticut breeders are interesting themselves with
the possibilities of the breed is shown by the fact that twenty-
three breeders placed cows in the advanced registry in the seven-
day division from January 1, 1914, to December 31, 1916. The

1916.]

HOLSTEIN CATTLE.

37

names and addresses of breeders making tests from January 1,
1914, to December 31, 1916, are given as follows :

W. J. & Percy Atchison,

G. A. Harper,

A. C. Botham,

J. R. Hatch,

Staub & Clark,

J. F. Hunt,

E. D. Curtis,
Lyman Keeler,
Lee Dickinson,
M. C. Knapp,
R. E. Dodge,
H. P. Loverin,
C. S. Ellis,

G. A. Lawson,
W. H. Farrand,
Mrs. A. J. Pierpont,

F. J. Ford,
H. W. Seeley,
Gardiner Hall, Jr.,
W. G. Slater,

E. G. & L. E. Stoddard,

S. R. White,

H. L Todd,

W. B. Whitlock,

Wallace Holstein Co.,

C. P. Viets & Son,
J. E. Watson,

Conn. Agricultural College,

D. H. Canfield,
D. J. Clark
John Dickinson
C. C. Disbrow
Evan Evans
Marsh Bros.,
Merwin & Seymour
S. L. Pierpont

W. P. & S. L. Newton

Boardman,

Watertown,

Pomfret Center,

Danbur>%

New Milford,

Ridgefield,

Bantam,

Danbury,

Bridgewater,

Danbury,

Washington,

Shelton,

Rockville,

Unionville,

Washington,

Waterbury,

Washington Depot,

Washington,

South WiUington,

Stepney Depot,

Milford,

Danbury,

Hamden,

Newington

Wallingford,

East Granby,

Marbledale,

Storrs,

New Milford

Abington

Roxbury Station

Norwalk

New Preston

New Milford

New Milford

Ridgefield

South Kent

38 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

M. L. Russell, Rockville

W. F. Young, Enfield

Dr. George Wright, New Milford

H. A. Allen New Milford

J. J. Herold New Canaan

E. H. Beers, Brookfield

Adaptability of Holstein-Friesian

The first importations of this breed into this country took
place more than a century ago, but the first to be kept pure
occurred in 1861. Between 1875 and 1895 about 10,000 animals
were brought over from Holland, and from these our present-
famous animals have largely descended. Since then, importations
have been few because of the prevalence of foot-and-mouth disease
in Holland. Their exceptional vitality, first rate breeding powers,
and remarkable productivity have popularized them to such an
extent that they have spread to all parts of the United States,
although they are found in larger numbers in the northern half
where dairying is more intensified.

In size, the females average about 1,200 pounds, many of the
larger ones going as high as 1,500, while the bulls reach an
average weight of 1,800 pounds. This makes them the largest
of our dairy breeds and with this size is carried the capacity for
converting all kinds of farm feeds into milk, for which the breed is
noted. Their disposition is unsurpassed. Mild in temperament,
appreciative of kindliness, for such they were accustomed to in
their native home, they are possessed of a nervous development
that is conducive to high production, which is under perfect con-
trol. They are, therefore, pleasant to handle and while not
adapted to poor pastures, are unexcelled for converting roughages
into nature's chosen food to nurture young and to feed mankind.

Naturally strong in vitality and in reproductive powers, this
force is passed on through the germ cell to the new-born. Calves
of this breed average about 90 pounds at birth, the males, as is
usually the case with other animals, frequently weighing several
pounds heavier. With reasonable skill, they can be easily raised^
and rank high for veal production.

The color of the Holstein as accepted for registry by the
Holstein-Friesian Association of America is black and white^

1916.] HOLSTEIN CATTLE. 39

although red sometimes occurs, this latter combination being not
uncommon in Holland. The black and white varies quite de-
cidedly in the proportion of each on the body. Sometimes white
has been more popular and at other times black is preferred.
This is largely influenced by the color of exceptional cows, many
novices not knowing how to judge animals, frequently associating
color with high production. Color is also often used as a talking
point for selling anim.als by breeders, particularly if this will please
the prospective purchaser. It has been amply proven that pre-
dominance of neither color is associated with high production.

The Holstein Product.

The Holstein is noted for the large quantity of milk produced
and it is also known that the milk contains a somewhat lower
percentage of total solids than other breeds, but when total dry
matter or food value is considered for a given time, few, if any,
breeds, are their equals. While they are less economical in the
production of a pound of fat or total solids than some other
breeds, again they are unsurpassed in the profitable production of
these products because of their capacity for large production.
Following is given the production that anyone with good handling
might obtain with a herd, in one year, together with the per-
centage composition of milk.

Amount of Milk, 8700.00 pounds.

Total Solids, 12.00 per cent.

Butterfat, 3.45 per cent.

Butterfat, 300.00 pounds.

Protein, 3.15 per cent.

Milk Sugar, 4.65 per cent.

Mineral Matter, 0.75 per cent.

This extreme milk producing ability gives the Holstein first
rank for market milk where no premium is given for quality.
The low percentage of fat, and lack of natural yellow pigment,
causes it to take low rank where such points are in demand. The
small fat globule makes it a good product for shipping as they do
not readily gather into lumps of butter. This, however, is not
particularly objectionable in butter making when the cream is

40 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

obtained with a centrifugal separator. The following table shows
the relative size of fat globules for the different breeds ; also the
relation of casein and total protein is given :

Relate Volume Relation of fat Relation of fat

Breed

of Globules

to Casein

to total protein

Holstein

142

1.31:1

1.10:1

Ayrshire

150

1.36:1

1.15:1

Guernsey

217

1.30:1

Jersey

328

1.69:1

1.35:1

The above table shows that the fat globules in Holstein milk
are about half as great in volume as the Island breeds. This con-
dition makes it especially adapted where it is desired to have the
fat remain mixed in the milk serum for cheese making, or for use
as food. Cream obtained by the centrifugal separator, when pro-
duced by Holsteins, is well adapted for ice cream making as the
small globules increase its whipping qualities.

This table also shows that there is one pound of casein in
Holstein milk for each 1.31 pounds of butterfat. The high pro-
portion of casein makes it especially applicable to cheese making,
and also the high relation of total protein to fat shows the relative
large proportion of this valuable food nutrient.

As certified milk it finds popular adaptation, the small fat
globule and relatively low fat content usually being sought, for
infants and invalids. Experiments have also shown that the
casein is precipitated in a floculent mass, rather than hard curds
by the acids of the stomach, a point no doubt favorable to infant
feeding.

The Breeders' Opportunity.

Holstein breeders must not overlook the value of the scales
and Babcock test in connection with the development of the
powers of production of the breed. They should not, in their
enthusiasm. Overlook the fact that many individual cows are
undesirably near the state standard for butterfat and total solids.
These facts are revealed accurately by careful records alone, and
in many instances it will be found that animals of this character
occurring most frequently are associated with low testing strains.
The real improvement of dairy breeds, from the standpoint of

1916.] HOLSTEIN CATTLE. 41

Utility, has occurred since the time that records were recognized
as useful information. It is also well to bear in mind that the
seven-day test, now so much in vogue, is useful as a guide to the
capacity of a cow, but as an index for judging the richness of
milk is unreliable. And the man who depends alone upon it to
judge his cows is very apt to be misled concerning the composi-
tion of their milk, since as a general thing it is too high, but
rarely ever proves lower than the actual. Only a series of
periodical tests will answer this accurately, but in general the
importance and value of the yearly record is not fully realized by
the Holstein breeder.

In practice it is generally thought that Holsteins must
undergo milking four times a day in order to obtain proper
results. This idea has come about though such handling in short
time tests, but for yearly work usually three times daily will
suffice, in fact more frequent milking is superfluous and
proves a simple waste of time; besides this is a strenuous program
to accept for a year, while three times daily frequently proves
pleasant. And there are many operations less remunerative than
an additional milking period in twenty-four hours with such cows
as have a capacity of 10,000 to 12,000 pounds on the two time
schedule. Encouraged by the success of this breed through num-
erous centuries and spurred on by the satisfaction with which
they meet the demands in this country and elsewhere, let
breeders be not content until the breed of the future is as uniform
in quality as the distinguished families and strains of today.

CONNECTICUl^ HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN BREEDERS.

Atchison, Wm. J., & Percy, Boardman

Ayer, Lloyd P., No. Franklin

Allen, H. Averill, New Milford

Andrew, Irving A., Orange

Bacon, CM., Middletown

Bonynge, W, H., New Preston

Botham, Arthur C, Pomfret Center

Bowen, Herbert W. , Woodstock

Besse, Wm. E., Torrington

Bridges, Amos D., & Sons, Hazardville

Bristol & Clark, New Milford

Calhoun, John E., Cornwall

Case, James, Collinsville, R. F. D.

42

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Oct^

Conn. Agri. College,
Curtis Elliott D.,
Coley, Wm. B., M. D.,
Colman, M, P.,
Camp, Amos T.,
Canficld, Dan,
Clark, Wm. J.,
Crofut, W. B. ,
Culver, F. O.,
Daniels, H. 0.,
Daniels, J. E. ,
Dart, Chas. 0.,
Dickerman, Raymond P.,
Disbrow, Arthur L.,
Disbrow, W. E.,
Dickinson, Lee S.,
Dodge, Richard E. ,
Daniels Bros..
Devine, Eugene J.,
Disbrow, Chas. C,
Drown, George A.,
Evans, Evan,
Ford, Wm. S.,
Farrand, C. P.,
Ford, Fred'k J.,
Glazier, C. A.,
Griswold, Thomas W., .
Griswold, Wilfred W.,
Griswold Bros.,
Harper, Geo. A.,
Hart, Chester,
Hatch, Ezra S.,
Hatch, Joseph R. ,
Hollister, S. L.,
Horwitz, Wm.,
Hubbard, Robert,
Humphrey, B. G.,
Humphrey, Wm. G.,
Hurlbut, Horatio R.,
Hamlin, Chas. F.,
Hough, C. E.,
Hunt, John T.,
Johnson, E.,
Keeler, Lyman,
Kimball, Geo. H.,
King, Alice W.,
Knapp, Myron,
Knight, A. A.,

Storrs

Bantam

Sharon

S. Coventry

Hawleyville

New Milford

New Milford

Westbrook

Suffield

Middletown

Middletown

Rockville, R. F. D.

Milldale

Danbury, Route 54

39 Sport Hill, Brdg'pt

Bridgewater

W^ashington

Middletown

Norwalk

Norwalk

Elliott

New Preston

Hampton

Washington

Washington Depot

Elliott

Wethersfield

Wethersfield

Goshen

Watertown

Barkhamsted

Danbury

Danbury, R. F. D.

Washington

Fairfield, R. F. D.

Middletown

Romford

Canton Center

255Wd'stk.Ave. Pt'm

Plantsville

Washington

Ridgefield

Goshen

Danbury, R. F. D.

Danielson, R. F. D.

New Preston

Danbury, R. F. D.

Canaan, R. F. D. No.l

1916.]

HOLSTEIN CATTLE.

43

Kearns, N. H.,

Ladd, Allison B.,

Lake, Eugene H.,

Lamphier, Eugene H.,

Loverin, H. Paul,

Lanneau, C. G.,

Litchfield Town Farm,

Loverin, D. P.,

Lowerre, Wm. W.,

Merwin, J. B. & (S. E. Seymour)

Moffitt, Perry B,,

Moore, F. C, Est. of,

Newton, J. W.,

Nichols, Jas. B.,

Pomeroy, Anna M.,

Pomeroy, C. B., Jr.,

Peal, Seymour,

Pierpont, Mrs. B. G.,

Pinney, W. N.,

Pope, Chas. P.,

Richards, Wm. G.,

Roth, Michael,

Russell, Mahlon L.,

Richards, M. C.,

Seeley, Henry W.,

Seelig, Philip,

Sherwood, J. Arthur,

Stocking, W. A., Sons,

Smith Bros.,

Stickle, Orlando H.,

Stoddard, E. G.&L. K,

Stoddard, Ezekiel & Lewis E.,

Stillson, J. B.,

Stone, H. R.,

Todd, H. Irving,

Todd, Alson B. & Son,

Trott, C. F.,

Viets, C. P. & Son,

Wallace, R. & Sons Mfg. Co.,

Warner, S. L. ,

Warren, Wm. S.,

Waterouse, R. G.,

Wells, H. W.,

Whitlock, W. B.,

Whittlesey, Bernard W. ,

Williams, Charles H.,

Watson, Jos. E.,

E. Hartford

Baltic

West Hartford

Watertown, R. F. D.

So. Willington

Falls Village

Litchfield

Shelton

Wins ted

N.Milf'd,R.F.D.No.2

Pomfret

Somers

Kent

Newtown

Somers, R. F. D.

Willimantic

Abington

Waterbury

Rockville

Seymour

New Hartford

384Hanc'kAveBrdgpt

Ellington, R. F. D.

New Hartford

Washington

Danbury

LongHill,R.F.D.No.5

Weatogue

Beacon Falls

Milford

Milford

New Haven

New Preston

Southbury

Hamden

Hamden

East Cornwall

Granby

Wallingford

Still River

Eastford

Willimantic

Wethersfield, Box 31

Newington Junction

Romford

Danbury

Marbledale

44 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

Wells, Geo. L., Wethersfield

Whittlesey, Rob'tC, Romford

Williams, D. B., Danbury

Wright, E. 0., Goshen

Wallace Holstein Co. , Wallingford

Zimmerman, Martin, Milford

/

ADDRESSES

Delivered at the Annual Meeting of the State Board
of Agriculture, December 15, 1915.

LAWS OF PLANT AND ANIMAL BREEDING.

By Arthur D. Cromwell, West Chester, Pa.

Agriculture is the basic industry. Not long can a nation
endure if it neglects its agriculture. One of the interesting things
now going on is the way people are reasoning. They no longer
say that armies and generals determine who shall win in the war.
The people are asking what of the agriculture? What of the
mines and the shops? Are the miners, the shop men and the
farmers efficient? If they are sufficiently efficient, their nation
may prolong the war indefinitely. I am saying this to remind you
that we are to wake up in a new world, with demands and appre-
ciations quite different from what we might have evolved had
|:here been no war fought in Europe. One result of the demands
and the apprciations will be that the farmer shall come into his
own. The farmer will become respected because he will be
efficient and because the people will have become conscious of
how dependent they are upon the farmer.

It is not easy to discover the laws that control things in this
old world of ours, but we may be certain that this is a world of
struggle and conflict, that out of the conflict there comes progress.
The struggle never looked fiercer than it does today, but we must
remember that God rules, and out of the conflict there will come
the " survival of the fittest," though it should be said that the
fittest do not always survive. But in the long run, out of the
conflicts and the struggles there is a survival of the fittest.

There is growing rapidly among us, the notion that the
people of this nation must be efficient. There is no preparedness
that equals being efficient in field, factory, mine and shop.

46 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

Whether the farmer likes it or not,* there is growing a belief that
our farmers must be efficient or the nation is in danger.

For farmers to become thoroughly efficient, it is necessary for
them to produce increasingly better plants and animals ; and in
order to produce better plants and animals it is necessary for the
farmers to become masters of the laws of breeding. By feeding,
we may get a better plant or animal but it is gotten at a greater
cost and the gain is temporary. By breeding a better plant or
animal, we get an improved plant or animal which if we under-
stand how, may be handed on to our children and to their children
for all time to come. An improved plant or animal gives us an
increased yield without extra labor or expense.

We are far behind the enlightened nations of Europe in our
breeding of plants but perhaps not of animals. This comes from
a number of reasons. The American farmers have given more
attention to the breeding of animals than to the breeding of plants
and hence with a number of animals we are fully up to some of
the European nations. But in plant breeding especially, we are
far behind European nations. Our farmers have not reached the
stage where, with corn for example, the farmers are able to think
as yet of the influence of the male plant. When breeding animals,
we pay careful attention to the selection of the male animal, but
not so with plants. Most of our farmers do not feel that it makes
any difference what kind of male plant they breed to.

Then too, for a number of reasons, we have been slow in
mastering the law of plant breeding. This comes in part from
the fact that farmers do not read the reports of the specialists.
Many of the reports are so technical and so poorly Englished that
only specialists can figure out the meaning. Farmers read
farm journals and unfortunately the reports of the specialists
do not find a place in the farm journals. John Fiske said that
** It takes an idea a hundred years to get from the head of the
specialist to the heads of the common people." Let me illustrate
by an incident from the poultry business. Last spring I wrote a
short article for one of the poultry journals in which I tried to
make plain the advantage to be derived by a poultryman who
became master of the laws of breeding. From Texas, I received
a letter saying that the man had for ten years been asking the
poultry journals to give a series of articles to make clear some of

1916.] LAWS OF PLANT AND ANIMAL BREEDING. 47

the laws of breeding, but no poultry journal had as yet afcted on
the suggestion. The man was wondering if we must wait until
the old men now editing the poultry journals die off and we get a
new set of editors before the farmer can get hold of the laws of
breeding as they apyly in his poultry business.

Besides the fact that the laws of breeding are locked up in
the reports of specialists, there are other reasons why they are
not well understood by the American farmers. Our people are
religious though not strongly sectarian. Up to this time the laws
of plant and animal breeding have been announced and hence
associated largely with people whom our masses were taught to
believe were in some way atheists. At the bottom of all our laws,
is the fact of evolution and we have associated evolution with
Darwin and the monkey theory and hence rejected both, that is,
we rejected the meat with the shell. We would not take the
kernel because we did not like the husk.

A third reason why the laws of plant and animal breeding
have been slow to reach the common man is the fact that when
breeding or raising animals on the farm, we quickly get rid of the
poorest, and hence, by registering the best only, we are unable to
verify the laws by what we see on the farm. We select the best
ears of corn, we do not count the average or the nubbins. We
sell the worst looking chickens and hence we do not know how
many we had that were off color. We register only the better
cattle, horses, hogs and sheep.

A fourth reason why the laws of plant and animal breeding
have not become the common property of the farmers is the fact
that the laws are new and have not been well established,
especially as to details and applications. The scientists were
fighting among themselves and the farmer very wisely thought it
best to stand by and referee the game.

And lastly, the laws of plant and animal breeding have not
become a working part of the farmer's general information be-
cause no one has gone to the trouble to state the laws so that
they are usable on the farms of America.

Twenty-five years ago this winter, before a New England
horticultural meeting. Dean L. H. Bailey gave his lecture on
hybrids. That lecture was added to, and finally became the little
book called " Plant Breeding." That little book has done much

48 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

to Stimulate an interest in plant breeding. The book has been
revised, and recently there has been published DeVries' "Plant
Breeding " and Coulter's " Fundamentals of Plant Breeding," and
for animal breeding we have had, for some time, Shaw's books on
"Farm Animals and Animal Breeding," Plumb's "Types and
Breeds of Farm Animals," also Davenport's "Principles of Breed-
ing," and recently there has been published Harper's " Breeding
of Farm Animals." But as yet the Experiment Stations and the
United States Department of Agriculture have published little that
help to explain the laws of breeding. The Connecticut Station
reports on com and the Maine reports on chickens are steps in
the right direction.

But we must not spend all of our time talking about the
laws, what we want to know is what are the laws and what
should a farmer do to improve his plants and animals. Let me
give the things which a farmer needs to know first. It seems to
me that a man starting out to improve his plants or animals
should spend a large part of his time for reading, on the follow-
ing :

1. The history of plant and animal breeding.

2. The advantages of taking plants vs. animals or any particular

plant or animal over other plants or animals.

3. The laws of plant and animals breeding.

4. Who should do the work of plant and animal breeding ? The

farmer needs to study carefully to determine whether it is
his work or not. The Experiment Station men, some of the
College men and farmers with capital, talent and time should
certainly do most of the work in improving our plants and

animals by breeding.

»

Sometime we are to learn the lesson that Denmark learned
years ago. We are to learn that breeding is a matter of too great
importance to be left to the individual farmers. We have already
made laws regulating the standing of horses. We may have to
make laws saying what animals may be kept for breeding cattle,
hogs and chickens. We at least may go so far as to have govern-
ment owned males for the use of the farmers who choose to breed
to them.

1916.] LAWS OF PLANT AND ANIMAL BREEDING. 49

But we must stop knocking. We must give all honor to men
such as Connecticut has running her wonderful laying contest.
We must learn that the head oi the poultry department at the
Maine Experiment Station is working in the interests of the
farmers even if his announcement of the Mendelian laws does
hurt some of the fanciers. Burbank, Apple Seed Johnnie, Patton,
and a score of breeders who have given us superior plants, must
become known to us. We must hold up the men who have
achieved and given us superior plants and animals as men worthy
of emulation. We must read about them and teach about them
in our schools. Instead of saying that they are working against
God, we must see clearly that they are workers with God to make
this a better world in Which to live.

Luther Burbank has given us the image of a new civiliza-
tion when he says : " The vast possibilities of plant breeding can

hardly be estimated These possibilities are not for one

year or our own time or race, but they are beneficient legacies for
every man, woman, or child who shall ever inhabit the earth.
And thus with better and still better fruits, nuts, grain and
flowers, will the earth be transformed and man's thoughts turned
from the base destructive into the nobler productive ones, which
will lift him to higher planes of action towards that happy day
when man shall offer his brother, not bayonets and bullets, but
richer grains, better fruits and fairer flowers."

It may be well before we begin the discussion of the laws of
Plant and Animal Breeding, to take a minute to think of the steps
to be taken when one begins to breed plants or animals.

1. Get an ideal in mind, an ideal of the best possible plant or

animal.

2. Master the laws of breeding.

3. Get the best possible individuals with which to begin.

4. Breed so as to produce variation toward the ideal desired.

5. Select and preserve for breeding, the most desirable indi-

viduals.

6. Test the desirable individuals for prepotency or breeding

powers.

50 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

7. Multiply stock until there is a reasonable amount for the

market.

8. Advertise and exhibit at shows, make a name for your stock.

9. Stay at the business until it pays.

10. Become master of selling.

Perhaps the danger points in the above are that a man's
capital or nerve may be so limited that he starts with inferior
animals or plants. In the case of animals it frequently takes the
co-operation of the farmers of a whole community to enable them
to use a high-priced animal on females enough to make it pay to
keep a valuable horse, bull, sheep, or pig. Of course, a man who
starts before he masters the laws of breeding may retard his
chances of success before he knows what he is doing. Another
danger where many men have lost money is not staying in the
business long enough. In animal breeding there are few men
who have made any money before they have been at the breeding
for ten years. Corn breeding takes three years before we have
enough for our own fields. Again some have advertised so heavily
before they had sufficient stock for the market, that it became
necessary and hence easy for others to step in and take much of
the profits. Some men are poor salesmen. Such men must breed
for regular dealers or not expect to make money in the business.
Making money by breeding plants or animals is no easy matter,
however a farm.er may take one line, as corn for example or horses
or cattle, and in time he may become very well-to-do by breeding
and selling superior individuals.

Now for the laws of plant and animal breeding. But again
it is necessary to stop long enough to say that that the production
of superior plants and animals is controlled by laws. We maj^
not think so. We may not know the laws but that does not alter
the fact. The man who comes nearest to knowing the laws is the
man who has the advantage.

The laws to which I wish to call attention are the following :

Lav/s of Plant and Animal Breeding.

1. The law of heredity which says similar tends to produce
similar.

«

1916] LAWS OF PLANT AND ANIMAL BREEDING. 51

2. The law of variation says that all plants and animals tend to

vary.

3. The law of selection says that plants and animals are im-

proved by selection which may be natural, social, or intel-
lectual.

4. Galton's law of averages may be stated as the fact that while

a few individuals are superior and a few are inferior, most
are nearly average individuals.

5. DeCandolle gave us the law that a plant should not be moved

more than one degree of latitude at a time unless we wish
to change its nature.

6. DeVries* law of Mutations is stated as the fact that occasion-

ally there appears a superior individual which if prepotent
is called a mutant.

7. The most complex and hence the most helpful of all the laws

for people who have mastered them, are the Mendelian
laws. These are named under three terms, the terms,
" three to one, dominant, and recessive."

Let us examine for a minute law number one. This law says
that similar tends to produce similar. We used to say that like
produces like. Then we discovered that no two are alike. Then
the scientist working with the Mendelian Laws discovered that
the changes are not the addition of things that are new but the
recombination of old factors. But recently the Carnegie men and
others have verified the Darwin belief that there is progressive
variation, that is, variation that is accumulative and is inheritable.
But I leave the wrong impression if I do not tell you that one of
the big problems in the world of science today is the problem of
whether there is a progressive, accumulative variation which is
inherited by the young. For agricultural purposes it is sufficient
to say that similar tends to produce similar.

The second law^ has since the days of the belief in evolution,
come to be very generally accepted as the basis for our belief that
there is progress. If there is constant variation and if the varia-
tions are inherited, and if the fittest survive there will be progress.
The world was long in coming to this belief and I fear that
many farmers do not yet fully believe it. However, variation

52 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

offers us the great chance to produce the superior plants and
animals. We do not want plants and animals like the plants and
animals of today, we w^ant better ones.

De CandoUe's law that we are not to move plants more than
one degree north or south unless we wish to change the nature of
the plants is nicely illustrated by the farmers who buy southern
corn for the silo. Frequently the corn makes larger stalks and
leaves than it would do in the south but the ears are smaller.
Two of our men have harvested as much as nineteen tons of
ensilage from each of twenty acres. Our farmers buy potatoes
from the north to plant for seed. In the tropics, the potato and
the tomato go largely to vine. The potatoes and tomatoes of the
tropics are about as large as walnuts. But in the north the
the potatoes and tomatoes go less to vine and more to seed and
seed covering, that is to fruit. The same has been found true of
beans.

Mendelian Laws.

Gregor Mendel was monk and abbot of the monestary at
Briinn. He bred peas and bred them in large numbers. He was
very careful to tabulate results and from that work he discovered
the laws which now go under his name. The first great fact to
be noted is that Mendel found order in heredity. He found math-
ematical order where others could see nothing but confusion.
He found that v/hen certain things such as peas with starch or
sugar, peas v,^ith white or*green coverings, peas that are tall and
peas that are short are crossed with each other the starch, the
dark colors, and the tallness dominate or show in the hybrid gen-
eration. He called the hidden factor recessive.

But if the crosses are again bred together we get either of the
original starch or sugar, white or green, tall or short in a three to
one ratio.

The discoveries of Mendel were published in a little paper,
the Proceedings of the Natural History Society of l^runn. The
paper had few readers, and hence the discoveries attracted little
attention until about 1890 when DeVries of Holland, and others
read the paper and saw the meaning of Mendel's discoveries.
From 1890 up until now, the Mendelian laws have been the basis
for much of our work in plant and animal breeding. But though
they have been helpful, they have not helped so m.uch as the

1916.] LAWS OF PLANT AND ANIMAL BREEDING. 53

Mutation theory of DeVries for the Mutation theory set us to
looking for the exceptional individual.

Perhaps Nilsson of Sweden is the most noted European plant
breeder and he says of his work at Svalof : "Rigorous selection
pursued for five years had produced only a relative uniformity ;
we could not show a single new and constant variety-character.
And most of it all was evident that our selected varieties, left to
themselves for a year or two, unquestionably fell back to the con-
dition of a mixture of the original varieties.

Evidently we were unable to produce what the Swedish
farmers wanted ; that is better varieties which would be constant.
It was obvious that we must find a new method."

Then Nilsson tells how by seeking for the exceptional in-
dividuals and by breeding them by themselves, new varieties and
good results came. This demands that we find the exceptional
individual and then by the ear-to row, the hill-row and by inbreed-
ing, we breed together those individuals that are strong in the
desired characteristics.

Note. — This lecture w^as accompanied by lantern slides which
help to make clear many of the things such as the Mendelian
laws.

SWINE RAISING

By Prof. E. L. Quaife, Amherst Agricultural College,

Amherst, Mass.

Anyone, particularly one who has been brought up in the
West, cannot help being impressed by the scarcity of live stock in
the fields along the railroad right-of-way in New England. One
most feels like making an apology for speaking upon the subject,
especially upon hog raising. However, in spite of the fact that
New England is not as well adapted to stock raising as the great
middle Western states, live stock is the chief asset of the farms
and will always continue to be so, for every section to be success-
ful and permanent in its agriculture, must keep the different
classes of live stock.

Of all the classes of live stock, there is no one class which is
neglected and despised to the extent that the hog is, and yet in
spite of the many criticisms and objections offered against the
pig, I believe that the hog if given good care and feed will return
as much, if not more, money upon the money invested than any
other animal the Connecticut farmer can keep.

True, corn and hogs go together, giving the Middle West
her advantage, but she is raising the hogs on $100 - $300 an acre
land, making extensive use of such land for pasturage ; she mar-
kets cream and butter, feeds the skim milk to the swine and then
ships those hogs into Boston, a distance of 1,500 miles to supply
in many cases Eastern farmers with pork. The hog has rightly
earned the title of the "mortgage lifter" in the West.

There should be a hog or hogs on every farm in New Eng-
land. There should be as many as the farm can carry, the
individual farmer will be the judge,— and I do believe that the man
who sticks to swine year after year, not so much overstocked but
what he can hold them and wait for better prices, and always has
a few to sell when prices are high will find the hog a profitable
animal. It is only the enthusiast who jumps into the business
when prices are high thinking there is a future in hogs, who
finds himself in when he ought to be out, and out when he ought
to be in.

1916.] SWINE RAISING. 55

There are several reasons why swine appeal to me ; first,
the initial cost is low, and returns come quickly; second, the
hog is a scavenger, converting materials which would otherwise
go to waste on the farm into a marketable product ; third, there
is always a market for the hog or his products ; fourth, the hog
is easily cared for and he may be housed inexpensively ; — over
and against this may be offered the objections; high price of
grains, in many cases the lack of marketing facilities and the
danger of loss from hog cholera.

Mineral Matter.

Mineral matter is essential to good health in swine. It im-
proves the tone, increases appetite, aids digestion, prevents
worms, and insures good bone and muscle growth. This neces-
sary adjunct to the ration is often lacking because th6 grains fed
to swine, particularly corn, are very low in their content of
mineral elements.

The brood sow must be liberally supplied with rich calcium,,
phosphorous and protein feeds to produce large, healthy pigs.
Experiments show that sows fed rations containing much lime
and protein produced heavier, larger boned pigs than did the sows
which received rations deficient in these bone-forming materials.

All young growing hogs, more especially those kept for
breeding purposes should have free access to mineral matter to
insure a large rangy framework.

Worms cause heavy losses to swine raisers. These parasites
usually attack and infest the animal whose digestive apparatus
and body conditions are not in the best of order. There are
many worm preventatives and conditioners sold at prices which
figure up to $125 per ton, and in the most of these charcoal and
and common salt make up the greater part of the weight, very
cheap materials, indeed. Hogs relish salt as much as other stock,
and a good way to feed it is to mix it with wood ashes and keep
it before them at all times. Soft coal broken up fine by means
of an axe is also good. Corn cobs may be raked into a shallow
pit, burned to a cherry red, then sprinkled with salt, covered with
turf, and an excellent conditioner has been prepared at a low
expense. Any one of the -above measures may be practiced at
little cost. >

56 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

Water.

Clean water as pure as possible should be provided. Springs
are excellent. Springs and brooks are also good, providing there
is not a hog lot higher up on the same stream ; if there is, the
stream may be a source of contamination by cholera. Hogs
should not drink from wallows filled with stagnant water, for
parasites, and more especially disease germs, harbor in such
places.

Exercise.

Exercise is very essential. It is well that the boar be given a
fair sized lot in which to roam about. Brood sows while pregnant
are enclined to lie in the nest, more especiallv during the winter
months. They thus becoma too fat, and consequently give birth
to small pigs. Do not pamper the brood sow ; oblige her to
rough it to a certain extent.

Growing hogs should be put on pasture and given the oppor-
tunity to forage for part of their feed. Exercise sharpens the
appetite, keeps the body in condition, and causes the hog to eat
more. The last few weeks of the fattening period, however,
should be spent in restricted areas.

Cleanliness.

Cleanliness about the hog houses and lots is of great impor-
tance, for diseases and parasites harbor and breed in filthy
quarters. The pens should be cleaned often and the manure
hauled away as soon as possible. Keep the swill barrels and
troughs clean and provide good drainasre for the water which may
be needed for cleaning purposes. Unine should not be allowed
to run through cracks and soak up the ground beneath the floors.
The small houses should be moved at least once each year, so
that any one spot will not become polluted with germs. Give the
sunlight a chance at the spot and it will soon dispose of the germs.
Allow plenty of room ; do not have the yards all in one place.
Separate them ; diseases are thus easier controlled. Allow plenty
of window space, so that sunlight will flood the pens. Air-slaked
lime scattered twice a week on the floors, in the troughs and
about the yards will do wonders in preventing diseases. Spray
with a 5 per cent, solution of carbolic acid from time to time.

1916.] SWINE RAISING. 57

Cleanliness prevents most of the hog troubles ; it cannot be over-
emphasized.

Feeding of the Brood Sow.

The success of a hog raising adventure depends in no small
measure upon the care and feeding of the brood sow. Sows to bring
forth large litters should be gaining slightly at time of breeding.
During the pregnancy period she should gain approximately one-
half pound per day. This will depend a great deal upon whether
the sow is a young or old one. Young sows gain more. Sows
should not be allowed to become too fat, however, for the pigs
will be small, and the sow is liable to have trouble at farrowing
time. If the sow is a young one she should receive a ration
which will insure her proper development and at the same time
develop a litter of strong, vigorous pigs. (Review of some work
done at Ames.) The sow should be obliged to exercise and she
should have access to mineral matter.

Corn meal and middlings half-and-half is a satisfactory
ration. A small amount of roots may be fed. In fact a variety
of feeds should be fed keeping in mind, however, those essential
constituents such as protein and mineral matter.

At the Iowa Experiment Station some interesting work has
been carried on in the development of gilts for breeding purposes.
They have been trying out self-feeders. Some fifty gilts on rape
pasture were allowed access to middlings, tankage and oil meal.
These feeds being placed in separate compartments. Shelled corn
was also fed daily in limited amounts. At seven months of age
twenty-one of the gilts were selected for breeding purposes and
they averaged 240 pounds each. The self-feeders are labor
savers, each hog balances his own ration. It is a practice worthy
of consideration.

The sow nursing pigs should be given all she will consume
Pigs make their most economical gains while nursing the mother.
Few stop to think that eight pigs at weaning time will often out-
weigh the mother, and their gain has come largely from the
mother. Skim milk should be provided for the dam if it is avail-
able.

The little pigs should be fed middlings and skim milk,
although skim milk is not a necessity. Where skim milk an d

58 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct-

buttermilk are left on the farm as by-products from the dairy we
have the best of feeds for pigs. It is valuable because of its bene-
ficial effects upon the system of the hog and also because of its-
protein content.

Skim milk for best results should be used sparingly : that is,,
it gives best returns when combined with grain in the propor-
tions of one part grain to three parts of skim milk. Corn meal or
hominy and buttermilk or skim milk is as satisfactory a fattening
ration as can be provided. Buttermilk direct from the churn has
about equal feeding value with skim milk.

Pasturing.

To produce pork most economically extensive use must be
made of pasturage. If it costs $.07 per pound to produce pork
when all the feed is bought or when grain is fed, $.03i per pound-
would represent the cost if pasture is used. The cost of pork
production can be cut about one-half by liberal use of pasturage.

Hogs maintain a better appetite when they have access to
green feeds and they keep freer of worms. Pasture is a good
growing ration, and is a good maintenance ration. Some grain
in addition must be fed. Hogs should be kept growing from start
to finish, there is nothing gained in keeping swine at a constant
weight. A pig to be profitable must gain every day. The grain
to be fed on pasture should be largely carbohydrates, corn or
middlings are good. Not a great deal of tankage or skim milk
should be fed. The amount of grain should be about two to five
per cent, of the live weight of the pigs.

Rape pasture ranks amongst the best for swine, the Dwarf
, Essex variety being used. It stands tramping and grazing well,^
and may be pastured until winter sets in. When there is a corn
field near the hog lots it is a good plan to sow some rape seed
about August 1. After the corn is cut the rape will come on and
. furnish a large amount of feed. Rye, millet, clover, alfalfa,,
ordinary pasture, sweet corn are all of value in swine feeding and
should be developed to the fullest extent. One of the boys in the
Pig Clubs in Massachusetts increased the weight of his 135 pounds
at a cost of .026 cents per pound. One of the chief factors
in keeping the cost down was the fact that his hog had access to
a good clover pasture.

1916.] SWINE RAISING. 59

The western farmer is making money on pork production on
land worth three or four times what it is in New England,
by getting a good frame work on his hogs with a small amount of
grain and pasture, and then finishing them off for two or three
weeks on a corn ration.

Housing and Yards.

The hog in winter needs a dry bed and fairly warm quarters ;
in summer he needs shade and a dry spot upon which to lie.

There are three systems of housing which might be used by
the man who raises hogs to any extent. Where only one or two
hogs are kept it is possible to keep them on the manure pile —
however, it would be better then to provide a dry nest for them
apart from the pile — for no good is done a hog in lying on a hot
steaming pile of manure.

Anyone raising hogs on any scale, might use a central house,
the colony houses, or a combination of the two — for a few hogs
I think the colony houses are preferable, for a large number a
central house along with a few colony houses should prove most
satisfactory.

The requisites of a good hog house are • First, it should not
be too expensive, should be easily cleaned, tight floors and smooth
walls are essential, urine should not be allowed to run beneath the
floors, and the building should be so constructed that every crack
and crevice could be cleaned, for that is the only way to prevent
and eradicate diseases. Cement floors are good, but are liable to
be cold — they should be provided with an overlay of plank where
the nest is. The walls may be of hallow tile or cement blocks,
or of wood. Wood ceilings are preferable, metal collects the
moisture and it is continually dripping down upon the pigs. The
lighting is often at fault — sunlight should get into every pen —
the ventilation should be good, drafts, however, should be
avoided. Windows that open at the top, like those in dairy barns
are desirable — all doors should be high and wide enough to avoid
any accidents to sows heavy in pig.

The colony houses are built of lumber, and may or may not
have floors — floors are to be desired, however.

The central house has the advantage over the colony houses
in that less labor is required to care for the pigs ; and secondly, it

60 BOARD OF AGRICLXTURE. [Oct.

is usually warmer in winter, or early spring for fattening hogs or
little pigs.

The colony houses have several distinct advantages over the
central house, as sole systems.

First. They are easily and cheaply constructed.

Second. They are easier to clean.

Third. Herd may be kept more healthy.

Fourth. Exercise is obtained with less trouble.

Fifth. Advantage may be taken of all opportunities offered by
the farm for swine raising.

There are two main types, the A type and the rectangular.
The houses may be 6x8, or 7x9. The height of the A type should
be about 6 feet, while the rectangular should be 3 feet on the
side.

Marketing.

^O'

The lack of a market is often times offered as a drawback to
swine raising in the East. We do not have the local buyers as in
the West. A western farmer having hogs to sell calls up the
dealers by phone, or the dealers may visit the farm. The farmer
sells his hogs on a live weight basis. Such is not the case here,
more of the pork must be slaughtered and cured on the farm and
sold as finished products. When a farmer has a carload or half a
carload it is possible for him to ship his hogs direct to the packing
houses.

Consideration, however, should be given to market con-
ditions. Anyone familiar with the trend of the hog market knows
that the highest prices paid for swine prevail during the months
of April and May and then during latter August and September —
the general average of the summer months is considerably above
the winter months — a break in hog prices occurs during October
and the price rules low until the next March. The reason for this
lies in the fact that the Middle Western farmers are feeding their
new corn and their spring pigs are ready for market about
October. These spring pigs come upon the market all through
the winter. January and February see heavy runs as well,
because March 1st is moving day in th^ West and renters sell
their hogs before moving. March and April is seeding time, the
rush of swine lets up and prices invariably advance. Ma> and

1916.] SWINE RAISING. 61

June sees a slight drop due to the pigs which w^ere born the pre-
vious fall coming to the market, and high prices as a rule come
in during August and September. While there is no definite rule
to go by and there are exceptions to these averages, yet it will pay

the Eastern farmer to avoid competing with the Western farmer.

»

Feeding of Garbage.

The feeding of garbage is advisable from the standpoint of
economy. In fact the majority of the hogs fed in the east are
garbage fed hogs. The value of garbage depends upon its quality
and the care in feeding it. Many feeders of garbage lose their
hogs, yet if due care is taken I do not believe any more cases of
hog cholera or disease results among garbage fed hogs than
amongst grain fed swine.

Garbage should be fed fresh. Too often it has become de-
composed, especially during warm weather — daily gathering is
desirable in the summer. All the receptacles should be cleaned
from time to time and if possible garbage should not be fly blown.
It should be fed on clean platforms rather than on the ground and
no more should be fed than the hogs will clean up.

The collector of garbage should insist upon the garbage
being sorted — that is orange, lemon, grape fruit and banana
peelings, soapy water, chicken and fish entrails, broken bottles
and poisonous substances that do go into the garbage can for
swine, should be put in a separate receptacle.

If garbage were thoroughly cooked some of the trouble might
be eliminated, yet I know of those who cook garbage, yet lose
their hogs. It may be they do not cook it thoroughly.

For the best quality of pork some grain should be fed to
supplement the garbage. Pregnant brood sows in particular need
the grain and fattening swine during the last two or three weeks
should receive grain, to harden their flesh. The flesh of straight
garbage fed swine is more watery than that of the grain fed.

Diseases.

Most cases of sickness amongst swine are due to neglect
or carelessness in method of handling. It is cheaper to prevent
than to cure. Two of the more common causes of loss are thumps
and hog cholera. Thumps attack little pigs 2-10 weeks of age

62 BOAxRD OF AGRICULTLT^E. [Oct.

and is a disease affecting the heart and lungs. Little pigs often
times get too fat dae to lack of exercise and too much feed from
the mother. Their sides throb like the sides of a panting horse.
The disease runs its course in a week or so, the pig wasting away
in the meantime and finally dies. I know of no cure. This
trouble may be avoided by forcing the pigs to exercise and by
cutting down on the feed of the mother.

Cholera causes 90 per cent, of the losses in swine. It is
erratic, some years are noted for the absence of it, and then again
particular years are bad. There are too frequent outbreaks for
the good of the business.

There is no known cure for cholera — as a rule it is fatal,
although there is the chronic form where a ho2 will linger along.

Here again preventative measures should be taken to keep
the herd free. Particular care should be taken that new hogs
coming into the herd should be quarantined for at least two
weeks.

Cleanliness of yards and houses is another important factor.
A little air-slaked lime sprinkled on the floors and in the yards is
an excellent thing.

There is some danger also in the feeding of garbage, of
earning the disease — particularly through pieces of raw pork
which may have gotten into the garbage.

The serum treatment for the prevention of hog cholera has
proved efficient in the majority of cases where tried. The double
treatment is more or less of an experiment as yet, and its use is
questioned in herds where cholera does not exist. So many out-
breaks of cholera have been started through the use of the
double treatment as to make many skeptical of its use. Much of
the loss through the double treatment has been due to the care-
lessness in handling the virus ; this virus carries the hog cholera
germs and produces hog cholera. Some states have limited its
use to skilled veterinarians only.

WHY GROW ALFALFA ?

By Prof. A. D. Cromwell, West Chester, Pa.

Alfalfa in our Agricultural Readjustment.— Life is a never
-ending series of changes. Like one carrying a lantern on a dark
night, man cannot see far enough ahead but he can see reasonably
■^vvell within a small arc in front and around him. In no occupa-
tion is change more certain than in farming. The changes made
in farming during recent years can hardly be equaled by the com-
bined changes made from the time of David to the establishment
of our land grant colleges and experiment stations connected with
the colleges. But not all farmers make the changes. The farmer
is an individualist. He does as he pleases. He frequently tries
the new, tries it in the wrong way or at the wrong time and suf-
fers financial loss. What he needs is closer and more sympathetic
co-operation with those who are making the newer things pay on
the farm. He needs closer touch and co-operation with those who
know what adjustments he may make to his advantage. For this
we have established our Farm Bureaus and for this showing v/hat
adjustments a farmer may make to his advantage, the United
States Department of Agriculture has had many highly trained
men at work taking Farm Management Surveys.

These trained specialists agree with the leading farmers that
among the changes that are coming, there is no one that will
equal the adjustments to be made because of the introduction of
alfalfa. It is an interesting fact that alfalfa is the oldest known
.agricultural plant and yet in a way a newcomer and a recent dis-
covery of American agriculture. There are more farmers interest-
ed in learning how to grow alfalfa than there are interested in
learning any other one thing about agriculture. Except clover
and timothy, there are more acres of alfalfa grown on our Amer-
ican farms than of any other forage or hay crop. We are in-
creasing our acreage at a marvelous rate. We are doubling the
acreage east of the Missouri River each five years.

Why Grow Alfalfa ?

Alfalfa for New England. — New England needs alfalfa. The
farms are small, m.any of them are surrounded by stone walls and

64 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

they are cut into small fields which in turn are again sur-
rounded by stone walls. The soil is glaciated and hence well
adapted for alfalfa. Once well started, no crop will pay a New
England farmer as much as will alfalfa. Some New England
farmers are discouraged. Some of the Experiment Station men
say that alfalfa can be grown north or south of New England but
not in Connecticut and Rhode Island and in certain parts of
Massachusetts. The claim is made that in Vermont and in New
Hampshire, alfalfa can be grown. From what I can learn after
writing to many different parties and after talking to and with
the New England farmers at their annual Alfalfa Growers' Asso-
ciation, I believe that alfalfa can be grown on practically every
farm in New England.

New England farms are small and they have been farmed for
many years. The available plant food and the humus are
exhausted. Many of the England farms are hill sides where
soil readily washes off and for such alfalfa is the best known
plant. We are not so sure that alfalfa will grow on the northern
slopes without very heavy liming. But for southern slopes,,
alfalfa will pay. New England needs more silos, more dairy cows
and alfalfa. Winters are too long and there are too many people
living in New England to make it other than a dairy section.

Alfalfa for Dairy Farmers.— Dairy farmers need alfalfa. The
truck gardener needs a small patch of Alfalfa. The dairymen
around Syracuse, New York, have become extensive and and ex-
pert growers of alfalfa. In southeastern Pennsylvania, the
plantings are doubling about each four years. This year I know
of one field that has been down five years and is yielding over six
tons to an acre of well cured, bright, alfalfa hay. Last year the
same field yielded a little over five and one-half tons of hay to an
acre. In the winter of 1914, a farm in Chester County was sold
at auction, and the same day the renter sold the crop from an
alfalfa field that had been down for thirteen years. The alfalfa
hay sold for more per acre than did the farm. Delaware and
New Jersey farmers seem to be equally interested. The Walker
Gordon farms in New Jersey grow 500 acres of alfalfa for theiu
dairy herd. Connecticut farmers must make a living in compe-
tition with the dairymen Vvho grow alfalfa.

1916.] WHY GROW ALFALFA? 65

Alfalfa for Hay.

Alfalfa and Farm Management : — Alfalfa has a place in good
farm management although the science of farm management is a
very much larger and broader subject than the growing of alfalfa.
Good farm management is larger than the growing of any one
crop or than the growing of all of the crops at a profit. Good
farm management includes the making of a wise decision as to
whether a person should be a farmer at all or not ; and if a
farmer, then whether he should be a grain, fruit, dairy, market
garden farmer or stock raiser. Good farm management includes
the right choice of a farm, the organization of the right amount
of land, labor and capital so as to do a large enough business
with enough diversified operations so that labor and capital may
be employed profitably. Good farm management includes the
utilization of all products so as to derive a profit. Good farm
management means a wise distribution of labor throughout the
year. That makes of farm management a very complex process.
Among the things which a farmer must decide is what crops he
will grow and how much of each crop. A farmer should grow
the maximum amount of the most profitable crops. The maximum
amount means the m.aximum amount which he can handle profit-
ably.

' All farms must have something for hay. A good farm
manager will try to grow the hay that affords the most feed at
the lowest cost. The New Jersey Station found the cost of hay as
follows :

Cost per acre. Cost per ton of hay. Tons per acre.

Alfalfa, 9-acre field, $19.17 $5.50 3.48

Ensilage, 6-acre field, 28.88 3.32 8.68

Oats and peas, 10 acres, 15.80 6.83 1.66

Timothy, 10 acres, 34.05 8.58 2.98

When we consider that ensilage is about 75 per cent, water
while alfalfa hay is about 7 per cent, water, we readily see that
alfalfa is the cheapest roughage grown. Of course different
farmers can vary each of these figures considerably, but I think
that we shall find that the ratios remain about the same. Alfalfa
is not only the cheapest roughage grown but alfalfa hay is by far
the most nutritious hay to feed.

66 ~ BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

Climates and Soils for Alfalfa.

Origin of Alfalfa : — Alfalfa is a gift of the desert. It comes
to us from southern Asia. Alfalfa first comes into recorded
history from the semi-arid regions of Asia Minor. It probably
grew wild in regions north of Arabia. We get the name alfalfa
from Arabia where alfalfa means best grass. From Arabia
alfalfa was taken to north Africa where it still grov/s wild. From
north Africa alfalfa was taken by the Moors to Spain and from
Spain to Mexico and South America. About 1850 alfalfa was
introduced into western United States. From western United
States alfalfa has been slowly creeping eastward. Alfalfa was
however introduced from Spain into France and Holland, and
from Holland into eastern United States. Washington and Jeffer-
son grew alfalfa which they called as did Europeans generally,
" lucerne." In 1857 Mr. Grimm took with him to Minnesota some
alfalfa seed from plants grown in Holland. There is said to be a
field in South Carolina that is over eighty years old and another
in New York that is over fifty years old.

From Asia Minor the Persians brought alfalfa into Greece*
and from Greece alfalfa was carried to Rome. It is today a
valuable forage crop in Italy. Italy and southern France produce
some of our best imported seed.

Mr. Hanson of the South Dakota Experiment Station was
sent by the United States Department of Agriculture to gather
seed from alfalfas that can withstand the dry, cold winters of the
Dakotas and northern Montana. Mr. Hanson found alfalfa grow-
ing at Yakutsk, Siberia, vvhere the thermometer registers 83
degrees Fahrenheit below zero. Alfalfa grows in the hottest parts
of California, sixty feet below sea level. There is a fifteen -year
old field of alfalfa in Colorado that is 7,900 feet above sea level.
Alfalfa is a valuable crop in South Africa, in Australia, in Argen-
tina, Chile, Peru, Canada, Asia and the United States from the
Atlantic to the Pacific. Mississippi, Alabama and Minnesota
grow profitable crops of alfalfa.

Alfalfa and Lime.

Alfalfa for Lime : — We are just beginning to understand the
role played by lime in plant and animal nutrition. We have long

1916.] WHY GROW ALFALFA? 67

known that growing animals and laying hens need much lime.
We have recently learned that the amount of milk a dairy cow
can give may be limited by the amount of lime she is able to
assimilate from her food and water. It is my belief founded
on some years of study, that when we fully understand the
wonderful results obtained by farmers who feed alfalfa we shall
have to attribute part of the beneficial affects to the large lime
content of alfalfa. It has been a puzzle to understand how or
why cows should increase the milk yield beyond that calculated
from the carbohydrate and protein content of the feed. The
lime content in alfalfa may answer that puzzle.

Alfalfa has 34 per cent, of lime in its ashes. Clover has 20
per cent., timothy 4 per cent., and ensilage about the same as
timothy. Then, too, the alfalfa hay has more ash per hundred
pounds than have the clovers. From one hundred pounds of
alfalfa hay we get about 8.8 pounds of ashes, and from one
hundred pounds of clover hay we get 6.2 -^ouiids of ashes. From
that we get the following table for cIi:.-... and clever hay com-
pared as to ash and *' :: cc::t:it:

a:::;:!: i:.y. Red Clover Hay.

Total ashes in a ton of, 173. 124.

Lime in a ton, 59.84 24.80

There is a belief maintained by a number of scientists that
there is danger of weakening the activities of animals or plants by
feeding an excess of magnesium. We get an excess of mag-
nesium in the seeds of plants. Calcium is the antidote for an ex-
cess of magnesium. We get an excess of calcium in the leaves and
green stems of plants and in milk. There is contradictory evi-
dence for and against this theory; some think the calcium is needed
to balance the phosphorus, should either prove to be true, it will
explain in part or in whole the beneficial results of alfalfa over
such feeds as wheat, bran and corn. Certainly there is evidence
enough to enable a v/ise farmer to know that he should have some
leaves of plants in his feed for swine, chickens and dairy cows
every meal in the year. Alfalfa seems to be the best plant known
for obtaining an excess of calcium to balance our excesses of
magnesium and phosphorus from heavy seed mxixtures in feed
rations. The calcium and magnesium in feeds is as follows :

68 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

Calcium % in ash. Magnesium % in ash.

Com (kernel) 6.30 14.90

Oat meal 3.00 7.00

Alfalfa hay 40.00 5.00

How to Grow Alfalfa.

To grow alfalfa successfully there are six steps, each of
which must be very carefully taken. You may think as others
have thought that you can get paying crops of alfalfa by leaving
one or more of the six steps untaken, but experience will teach
you in time that each and every one of the six things must be
carefully attended to. We call these six steps the six alfalfa
secrets, as follows: —

1. Good, well-drained soil.
2 A good, hard seed bed.

3. Plenty of the right kind of lime.

4. Good, acclimated, northern grown seed.

5. Good, abundant soil or seed inoculation.

6. Good harvesting and curing of the hay.

Good Soil.

You will notice that our first requirement is good soil. Al-
falfa must have liberal feeding. It is true that alfalfa when once
well established will come nearer making its own way, while giving
paying crops, than will any other farm crop; yet this fact must be
faced, namely, during the first year alfalfa plants are delicate
little plants which respond readily to liberal feeding. This means
that we get more from the money spent for available nitrogen,
potash and phosphorus to put on the ground, which we are to
seed to alfalfa, than we get from the money spent for plant food
for most other farm crops.

But how is a man to know what to feed his alfalfa plant?
My answer is ask your farm bui'eau agent. He should have
gathered some valuable information from the experiences of the
farmers of your district, and he should have at hand what the
experiment stations know as to what alfalfa needs. The next
best source of information after your farm bureau, is your experi-

1916.] WHY GROW ALFALFA? 69

merit station. Write to your experiment station and ask the men
there what they know about feeding alfalfa. Your land may not
be of the same kind as that on which they have experimented, and
hence you may need other help. I can think of no place more
valuable for one to come, once a year, than to a gathering like
the New England Alfalfa Association meeting, and there compare
notes and hear the experiences of farmers who have been grow-
ing alfalfa. But when ail is said and done you must do a little
experimenting on your own farm: Sow different strips on your
alfalfa field with different amounts of the different fertilizers and
then watch for results. But to start alfalfa you should have a
rich soil, and you should use something like 500 pounds to an
acre of a mixture of about 3 per cent, of nitrogen, 8 per cent, of
phosphoric acid and 10 per cent, of potash.

Select Well-drained Soil.

Alfalfa comes to us from the semi-arid regions of southern
Asia. To be sure it has been grovvm in Europe for centuries, and
in America for some years, yet it shows its desert origin by
demanding a well-drained soil. Alfalfa will not live with its head
in the water. It will do well on loose sandy or stony soil. Alfalfa
will thrive on a stony hillside so full of rock and so dry that corn
will not develop an ear. I knovv^ of two pieces on such soil, one
has been down for six years and the other for nine. The soil is
so dry and sandy that blue grass and plantain, the two worst
weed enemies of alfalfa, have not gotten a foothold. Of course a
man gets more alfalfa on better ground, but he gets more dollars
worth of feed from such a stone patch than he can get from seed-
ing it to any other plant, unless it be sweet clover.

Alfalfa seems to thrive best on a southern slope. I think that
this is explained in part by the fact that southern slopes are dryer
in fall and winter. Perhaps the ground is sweeter and does not
heave so seriously. Alfalfa can stand more cold than most other
plants. After the first year it does not winter kill in a tempera-
ture from 20^ to 30*^ below zero. Alfalfa is green a month longer
in the fall and a month earlier in the spring. Perhaps the
southern slopes are favorable because alfalfa can get a better
* growth for winter covering in the fall, and an earlier growth in
the spring. This does not mean that you cannot grow alfalfa on

70 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

northern slopes. It does mean that I advise the beginner to start
his first patch or two on his southern slopes.

One of the great problems in America is the conservation of
the soil on our hillsides. Alfalfa once well seeded may be left on
a hillside for ten years ; then if plantain and grass come in, the
patch may be plowed up, cultivated for a half year and seeded to
alfalfa for another ten years. This makes alfalfa better than
orchards for holding the soil on the hillsides.

Low, wet ground is apt to be sour. It will grow alsike
clover, timothy, cow peas, red top and corn, for these are more
tolerant of acid in the soil. Cow peas, alsike and red top seem to
thrive best where the soil is slightly acid. But alfalfa will not
grow on sour soil. It winter kills and the bacteria fail to thrive.
Some men have used tile drains and have converted low, coastal
plain or river bottom soils into the best of alfalfa soils. Alfalfa
being a gift of the desert demands a dry, well-drained soil.

«

Prepare a Good, Clean, Hard Seed Bed.

When we have studied how to grow alfalfa as long and as
diligently as we have studied how to grow corn, we shall laugh
at the man who gets less than 5 or 6 tons to the acre, and some
of you will be getting much more. But when we have learned
how to grow alfalfa, we shall have learned that the seed is very
> small, and that for some weeks the little alfalfa plant is a very
delicate little thing. That means that it cannot hold its own
against many of the weeds. You can kill the weeds by disking
and plowing, by cultivating and hoeing before the alfalfa is
planted on the ground. But once the alfalfa is planted, you are
doomed to partial failure if you have sown the seed on ground
infested with v/eeds. You must sow alfalfa on a clean seed bed
in order to get a good permanent stand.

The seed bed should be hard. I should hardly expect to
succeed with alfalfa if I plowed the ground just before sowing
the seed. I should much prefer disking to plowing before seeding.
Where alfalfa is seeded in August, following wheat or oats, disk-
ing gives better results than plowing. But we do not disk to save
time. We must disk and disk until it takes as much time as it
would to plow. However, the disking leaves a hard seed bed
underneath, it gives us a garden mulch on top, and it leaves the

1916.] WHY GROW ALFALFA? 71

Stubble on the surface to act as a partial shade and to keep the
soil from washing. Plowing, especially if a coat of manure or
heavy coat of stubble is plowed under, causes the soil to dry out
too rapidly and too deeply. ' Even oats, with a seed much larger
than the little alfalfa seed, frequently do better on disked ground
than on plowed ground. But if there are weeds, if the ground
has been in oats, say, and the oats have been cut early for hay,
then the ground may be plowed, the deeper the better, and the
weeds thoroughly killed. After the plowing the ground should be
rolled, disked and harrowed frequently to germinate and kill all
weed seed and to give a good, hard seed bed underneath, with a
clean garden mulch on top. Remember that you are seeding the
alfalfa for from three to ten years to come, and it pays to do
it well. You can easily reduce your alfalfa hay crop 1 to 2 tons
for a number of years to come by not preparing a good seed bed.
Think of a man's shortening his yield 2 tons of hay, worth $20 per
ton, and that for three to ten years to come, and all of this loss to
save a day's labor when preparing a seed bed. The seed bed
should be clean enough and soft enough to do for an onion bed.
It pays to have a clean, hard seed bed.

Apply Plenty of the Right Kind oj Lime.

There are a number of things which we have to learn about
liming. But of one thing we are certain, no farm crop requires
more lime than does alfalfa. This may be because the bacteria
which furnish the nitrogen for the alfalfa, are very sensitive to sour
soil. It may be, and undoutedly in part is, because the bacteria
that should thrive on the alfalfa roots are most easily killed by
acids in the soil. However, I believe that there is another reason.
The alfalfa plant has 34 per cent, of lime in its ash, clover has 20
per cent, and timothy has 4 per cent. I believe that we are
just beginning to learn our A B C's of lime for animal and plant
foods. I believe that when the truth is fully understood, we shall
know that one reason why alfalfa is so good for growing animals,
for poultry and for dairy cows is because of its high per cent, of
lime. If this proves to be true, there is no way known to the
farmers of to-day by which they may make money faster than to
spread lime on the land to feed alfalfa, which in turn is to feed
animals and hence return to him in beef or milk, which sells at
many times over the cost of the agricultural lime.

72 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oc^.

There are two materials called lime, and they come to us in
three forms. One material is dolomite, which is a mai^nesian-
calcium carbonate. I believe that when we fully understand the
the lime problem, we shall have learned that the magnesium lime
is not to be used for alfalfa. Hall says the English farmers
learned years ago that the dolomite is not good for repeated
applications. Do not misunderstand me. Magnesian lime will
neutralize acids as readily as pure calcium lime, but I do not
believe that the neutralization of acids is all that there is to liming
for alfalfa, nor do I believe that sweetening the soil is half that
there is to liming for alfalfa. I believe that calcium* is a very
necessary plant food for alfalfa, and hence well worth feeding the
plant in abundance.

Lime comes to us in three forms,— caustic or burned, hydrated
or slaked and in the form of ground limestone. Only unburned,
ground limestone is to be recommended for applying immediately
before sowing alfalfa. Burned lime is believed to be injurious to
the alfalfa bacteria. Hydrated lime is but little better. Moreover,
these forms are hard on the men who handle them, while ground
calcium limestone is believed to be beneficial to men, especially
men of weak lungs.

Of course where one has to pay freight on a long haul, and
where one can apply the burned lime some months preceding the
planting of the alfalfa, it may pay to use burned limestone.

Use Good, Acclimated, Northern Grown Seed.

Our people get the best results by using 30 pounds of seed to
an acre. That should be too much. There are places where men
have used as Httle as 6 quarts (12 pounds) with timothy and
clover. In time the timothy and clover disappeared, the alfalfa
survived and made a good stand that yielded three or more tons
per acre. Twenty pounds to an acre should be enough, providing
we use a disk drill and use good seed. But good seed is hard to
to get. I fear that the seed houses palm off on the eastern farmers
entirely too much of the Asiatic seed. I fear that at times farmers
are led to believe that the Turkestan seed is superior. Then, too,
I fear that entirely too much southern grown seed finds its way
this far north.

Your State requires good seed, from plants that have been

1916.] ' WHY GROW ALFALFA? 73

grown in the United States for some years and from States as far
north as Montana. How can you get it ? Well, one way is to
have one of your farm bureau agents find a reliable grower and
then bu3^ of him. Another way is to find a reliable dealer and
and then put it up to him to furnish you good seed at a reasonable
rate. I found that we could get for the members of our farm
bureau good seed at $7.80 per bushel of 60 pounds, and that at a
time when other farmers were paying $13 and $15 for the same
seed. It strikes me that there is nothing that your State asso-
ciation can do that will help more than to discover among
yourselves a member who knows where you can get good seed ;
then have him arrange so that you can get seed from him or his
dealer. We have a form or legal paper which a man may deposit
in his local bank with the money for the seed. The form provides
that when the seed arrives, the bank pays the bill and that
automatically releases the seed to the buyer.

Of course members of this association will not run the risk of
planting seed until their farm bureau agent or their State college
men have examined and tested their seed. There is too much
danger of dodder. After I had examined the seed from one seed
house, and had Pennsylvania State College examine it, and had
the men in the United States Department of Agriculture at Wash-
ington examine it, I found that the seed house had sent a farmer
seed in which he might plant thirteen dodder seeds to a square
rod. If you once get dodder on your place, you will probably be
unable to grow paying crops of alfalfa for five or more years.
My advice is to have samples of the seed examined by some one
who knows how to examine and test alfalfa seed. But even that
does not assure you that it is northern grown seed. Therefore,
get seed from a reliable seed man, pay him a reasonable price,
but give him to understand that he is to be responsible for the
delivery of first-class northern grown, acclimated seed.

Give the Soil or ike Seed Abundant Inoculation.

There are two ways to inoculate. One way is to go to a field
where alfalfa is being grown and where there are plenty of nod-
ules on the roots and take the soil from there and spread the soil
over the field which you intend to sow to alfalfa. There are
people who will tell you that 200 or 300 pounds of soil will do.

74 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct

That may be true where you can sift the soil and seed or sow it
with a hand seeder, but I think that a man can better afford to use
2 tons than 200 pounds of soil. If I were going to grow alfalfa, I
would put in 2 or 4 square rods of ground. I would put this into
alfalfa in the spring. I would inoculate it heavily, and then from
that patch I would get soil for my field.

For field inoculation I would use the manure spreader. I
would go to a piece of ground where the nodules are thick, shovel
off about 2 or 3 inches of the surface soil, and then load the
spreader with the soil that lies from 3 inches to 15 inches below
the surface. Then I would drive to the land which I intended to
sow in alfalfa. There I would put the spreader in gear, let it run
until the dirt began to pile up near the rear of the spreader, then
stop and crank the load to the front and then go ahead again.
When the dirt was again piling near the rear end of the spreader,
I would again shovel or crank it back to the front. You will do
well to make a big load cover a half acre. But you can give an
acre two loads with less labor and bother than you can putter
around with 200 pounds, if you have to sift it and use a hand
seeder. Three or four tons of soil are not too much. The soil
should be spread on a cloudy day, and it should be harrowed in at
once. I do not need to say that you run the risk of spreading
insects and plant diseases. Hence it is necessary to be very
cautious to get soil for inoculation from land free of diseases and
insects.

We have found that the commercial cultures give us better
results and cost us less than the soil inoculation. Of course I
think both are better than either alone. You can get enough
culture for an acre of seed for $1.00, and you can hardly take a
man and team and spread your own soil for less than $1.00 per
acre. The inoculating of the seed is a simple process. The dir-
ections that come with each batch of the culture give one ample
information as to just what to do to inoculate the seed. We have
had good results from the use of commercial cultures. The United
States Department of Agriculture at Washington is very liberal
with cultures, and hence many of you can get the cultures free by
asking for enough to inoculate seed for the number of acres
which you intend to sow. Again I wish to tell you that I think
you should sow something like 4 square rods the spring before

1916.] WHY GROW ALFALFA? 75

you sow your field. Give the seed for the little patch double
inoculation. You may sow a few square rods in the corner of
some pig or cow lot. What you want is a rich well-manured plot
in which you may get the bacteria to grow. I need to caution
you that sometimes we get soil too rich to develop verile bacteria.
You may seed this with a little oats to help keep down the weeds-
Mow the oats for hay. Of course you will select some place
where you can well spare a few inches of the soil and where the
shoveling will not be hard.

Your main crop should be planted in August. This enables
you to kill the weed seed. It enables you to get a crop of oat-
hay or oat and Canada pea-hay or a crop of early potatoes. Now,
if you have your little patch in which you have been growing the
bacteria, and if you seed in August, you have your own soil for
inoculation. Do not underestimate the importance of inoculation.
After the alfalfa is once well started you will get one to two tons
per acre more each season as a result of good, abundant inocula-
tion. But that is little more than half of the story. If you have
abundant inoculation your alfalfa is to gather for you and store
in your soil from $15 to $20 worth of nitrogen each year after the
first year. This you are to get back in increased yields of potatoes
and corn and in richer protein content of corn and grain for years
after the alfalfa is plowed under.

You should work out a crop rotation by which you can leave
your alfalfa down for three or more years. If you leave the
alfalfa down for three years, and if you had plenty of bacteria on
the roots, you should have land that is at least $30 per acre richer
in plant food when you plow it up.

HARVESTING ALFALFA HAY.

After having grown a crop which is equal pound for pound
to thrashed oats or wheat bran, a man'can very easily lose much of
it by improper handling. Men are known to have lost from 800 to
1800 pounds of shattered leaves. He may injure his stand of
alfalfa very materially by cutting too early or too late. Alfalfa
must be cut when the little sprouts at the crown are well started
and when a majority are yet not high enough to be cut off by the
mowing machine. If mowed too early, they are little delicate,
white sprouts that cannot stand the exposure to the bright sun-
shine and cannot yet make their own food. For some as yet

76 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

unknown reason, alfalfa cut too soon becomes sick, the stems
come on delicate, spindling little things bearing yellow leaves. If
cut too late, the plant may have accomplished its natural life
work of reproduction and hence die a natural death ; or the mow-
ing machine may clip the top buds of each of the stems that were
to have made the next cutting. Then, too, if one cuts alfalfa in
a humid climate, especially where there is much moisture in the
ground, and cuts it in the forenoon, he cuts it when there is most
moisture in the stems and leaves. The hay is longer in curing,
the bacteria of decay have a longer time to work, and hence the
hay is of less value. But if one cuts it in the afternoon, when the
stems and leaves are wilted, he is able to put up the hay sooner,
it is dryer and richer, and in every way better. Of course this
does not offer so favorable a labor schedule,' but alfalfa is rich
enough in food elements so that some extra labor can well be
used in harvesting it.

But the man who does not understand alfalfa will suffer the
greatest loss, because he does not use the side delivery rake or
the hay caps. The alfalfa leaf is the richest part of the plant.
Horses do not like leaves so well, but cattle and chickens like them
better. But the leaves are very readily shattered off unless the
hay is cured under the hay caps. Some people make the mistake
of having caps that are too small. The caps should be at least 50
by 50 inches. The corners may be fastened with weights or wire
pins. Weights are made by filling small plant pots with cement
into which has been placed a wire loop or hook. Wire pins are
most pleasing to some. The pins are made by cutting a good
strong wire into foot lengths and then bending a hook or loop at
one end. The pin is jabbed into the hay under the cap and thus
holds the corners down and the cap on.

From what I know of , alfalfa, I am led to believe that more
fields are ruined by being cut too early or too wet than by all
other calamities combined. Alfalfa if cut a few days, say a week
too early, will start again, grow weak, spindling stocks, turn
yellow and stand still for a month. If cut when v/et, the alfalfa
gets the jaundice and you will need heavy doses of medicine and
pills to revive it. Cut alfalfa in the hot part of the day. Begin
to cut about one o'clock and cut until about four on dry days.
This gives the stems and leaves all night to let water pass through

1916.]

WHY GROW ALFALFA?

77

the leaves before they wilt. That enables you to get hay with
dry stems and v/ith leaves that do not shatter off so seriously.

If you want alfalfa for horses, wait until the stems are get-
ting sornev/hat woody, that is use the last of the spring cuttings
for the horses. We cut when little shoots are just high enough
to be missed by the mower, not the first and exceptionally tall
ones, but the majority. There is much less danger, in leaving
your alfalfa too long than in cutting it too early. But the last cut
is the best for horses. There are farmers here in your own Con-
necticut valley that feed their horses nothing but alfalfa hay.

ALFALFA HAY SCORE CARD.
Class ....Exhibit No.

Points

Color: Bright green preferred,
if sweated sample, brown
not objectionable . . .

Smell: Fresh, sweet, appetiz-
ing, free from mustiness .

Firmness of stem

Softness of stem: Plant not
hard or brittle ....

• Cleanness: Freedom from dust,
molds, objectionable weeds,
etc

Purity: Proportion of alfalfa
to grasses, etc

Leaves: Percentage and con-
dition of leaves ....

Weight and general make-up
of sample

Total

Perfect i Scorer's Corrected

16

20
8

8

18

8

14

8

100

Remarks

J^ame of Scorer

78 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct

Varieties of Alfalfa.

To many farmers alfalfa is alfalfa and there is no difference
between varieties. Many seedsmen do not know one variety from
another. The alfalfa seed business is new and we have not
learned how to buy and sell alfalfa seed. There are a number of
different kinds of alfalfa and each has its advantage or disadvan-
tage for a farmer. There is the so called "common" alfalfa which
is a very much mixed alfalfa that has been grown in America for
some years. Then there is the Grimm alfalfa which has sur-
vived Minnesota climate since 1858. There is the Turkestan
alfalfa which gave one or two good winter tests and the seed of
which v/as cheap and hence the Turkestan alfalfa was much
exploited by seedsmen. There is the Arabian alfalfa with de-
cidedly larger seeds and hence many farmers perfer it because of
the fine looking seed. But Arabian alfalfa begins to grow at
lower temperatures and it grows at a higher temperature. It has
given eight to twelve cuttings per year in the Im.perial and Sacra-
mento valleys of California. Arabian alfalfa is a hairy, large
leafed short lived alfalfa which we know too little about to recom>
mend to eastern farmers. Peruvian alfalfa is another hairy, erect
alfalfa that has given some very good v\^inter tests. Yellow,
sickle and Siberian alfalfas are pasture plants. They have largely
decumbent stems and rhizomes which help them to spread in the
pasture.

Tests for Low Temperatures. There have been a number of
tests to see which varieties of alfalfa can stand low temperatures
but as the moisture content, the length of time dormant, and
other things affect the degree of cold which a plant may stand,
there is not as much evidence as we might v/ish to enable us to
determine which alfalfas are best to stand hard winters. The
North Dakota tests are interesting. The temperature fell to 31
degrees Fahrenheit below zero. The results in per cent, of plants
standing the next spring was as follows :

% Alive.

Grimm, a North Dakota strain - . - 97.2

Grimm, a Minnesota strain - - 93.0

Turkestan, a South Dakota strain - 90.8

MongoHan, three strains - - - 65.5

Canadian, two strains - - - 54.6

Montana, three strains - - - 34.6

1916.] WHY GROW ALFALFA? 79

Nebraska, three strains - - - 23.6

Kansas, one strain - - - 15.2

Turkestan, twelve strains - - 27.7

African, Arabian and Spanish - - 00.0

The German, Russian, French, and Mexican gave about 15
per cent, that survived the winter. The South American and
ItaUan strains gave very few plants alive in the spring. But Han-
son found sickle alfalfa growing at Yakutsk, where the ther-
mometor goes to 83- Fahrenheit below zero. But we must not
place too much reUance on power to withstand cold for the
Minnesota Station while it found that the Grimm could stand a
lower degree of cold, yet 14 strains lost from 15 to 23 per cent.
v/hen the thermometor went only to 17'^ Fahrenheit below zero.
The Turkestan at Minnesota Station proved very variable in
power to withstand Minnesota winters*

Alfalfa stands the winters better after the first year and the
earlier the alfalfa gets started and the stronger it gets started, the
better it stands the winters. Heaving is the most dangerous
thing in Eastern states and heaving occurs worst the first and
second years and in thin rather than thick alfalfa stands. A
heavy cover of strawey manure is good to prevent heaving.

There is great need and little reliable evidence as to what
strains can best stand wet weather. In the Eastern states alfalfa
suffers severely during wet weather and hence we need to develop
strains that can stand our humid climates.

^Ifalfa Breeding and Seed Selection. — Probably the greatest
advancement in alfalfa grov\^ing that is to be made during the
next decade or two will be in the seed selection. There has been
little alfalfa breeding as the Genetists understands the term. We
are some years from the time when we can get pure strains or
known hybrids for our alfalfa fields. What we can get are mixed
alfalfas that have been taken some years ago to certain places
and there propogated until through the survival of the fittest, we
have left plants that have lived through winters as rigid as ours
and through summ.ers as wet as ours. That is what the Grimm
seed means to me. In 1857, Mr. Grimm went to Minnesota,
taking with him some alfalfa seed. This he sowed. A number
of times his alfalfa v/as killed out but a few plants survived and
from these he gathered seed and reseeded his fields. There many

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

other farmers have been growing alfalfa on the same fields
for years. Eastern farmers who have fields a quarter of a century
old, should send seed west to be multiplied by Western farmers and
seedsmen. We need an army of alfalfa seed selectors. We are
doubling the amount of seed needed about each five years. In
1914, we used about 38,000,000 pounds of seed of which 6,000,000
was imported. Think of planting 300,000 acres at an average
cost of $25 per acre, to alfalfa the seed for which had never lived
over a winter in America. No wonder we can find farmers in
every community who have had failures in alfalfa growing.

The United States Department of Agriculture and a number
of the Experiment Stations have men at work h>bridizing alfalfas
and they are producing strains that promise much.

SUMMARY
Why Grow Alfalfa ?

1. Alfalfa gives most protein per acre.

2. Alfalfa is pound for pound equal to thrashed oats.

3. It pays better to grow alfalfa i:han to buy mill feeds.

4. Alfalfa is the most drouth resistant farm crop.

5. Growing animals, hens and dairy cows need lime and alfalfa
furnishes most lime.

6. Alfalfa requires less work than is required to grow other

farm crops.

7. Once well seeded alfalfa stays from three to ten years.

8. Alfalfa is the best crop to conserve the soils on the hillsides.

9. Alfalfa does most to improve the soil because (a) it roots deep-

est ; (b) it gathers and stores in the soil most nitrogen ; (c) it
brings from depths below the roots of other farm crops, rich
stores of phosphorus, potash and other plant food elements.

HOW TO GROW ALFALFA.
Six Alfalfa Secrets :

1. Good, well-drained soil.

2. A good, rich, hard seed bed.

3. Plenty of the right kind of lime.

1916.] WHY GROW ALFALFA? 81

4. Good, acclimated, northern grown seed.

5. Good, abundant soil or seed inoculation.

6. Do not cut too early and cure so as to save the leaves.

A Dozen Alfalfa Don'ts.

1. Don't sow on weedy soil.

2. Don't sow on poorly drained soil.

3. Don't sow a large acreage to begin with.

4. Don't say alfalfa can't be grown in your state.

5. Don't sow on any but a sweet, well limed soil.

6. Don't sow on any but a well settled, well prepared seed bed.

7. Don't fail to give ample inoculation. Both soil and seed in-
oculation are best.

8. Don't pasture the first year, don't pasture v.-hen wet, don't
pasture off the winter covering.

9. Don't feed alfalfa as you do hay, feed it as you do grain.
Alfalfa should take the place of part of your concentrates
and grains.

10. Don't spend your hard earned money for protein feeds ; grow
alfalfa, soy beans, clovers, Canada and cow peas.

11. Don't harvest so as to lose the leaves. Cut in the afternoon,
cure under hay caps or in side delivery rake windrows.

12. Don't give up. Many prominent and successful alfalfa
growers succeeded after some failures.

Who Should Grow Alfalfa ?

1. The dairyman, for he needs alfalfa to feed his cows.

2. The poultryman, for he needs alfalfa for his hens.

3. The truck gardener, for he needs alfalfa for his horse and
cows and alfalfa does most to enrich his soil while ridding it
of v/eeds.

4. The subordinate, for alfalfa does most to beautify the land-
scape. It is green earlier in the spring and later in the fall.

5. The farmer with the hillside farm, for alfalfa does most to
conserve the soil.

6. Every farmer, for there is probably not a farm of any size

82 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

that has not a field or more that will grow most profitable
crops of alfalfa.

7. The public benefactor, for farmers need to learn how to
grow five or six tons to the acre, of feed equal pound for
pound to wheat bran.

Alfalfa.

To those who are interested in the raising of alfalfa, we
suggest the following as helpful bulletins :

The Book of Alfalfa (190S) F.-D. Coburn, Orange Judd Co., New
York.

Alfalfa and Other Legumes, A. D. Cromwell, J. B. Lippincott Co.,
Philadelphia.

Alfalfa in America (1912) Joseph E. Wing, Saunders Publishing
Co., Chicago. ,

Forage Plants (1914) C. V. Piper, The Macmillan Co., New York.
A chapter on alfalfa, packed full of interesting and vital
matter.

U. S. Department of Agriculture publications :
Farmers' Bulletins Nos. 339, Alfalfa (1908)

194, Alfalfa Seed.
495, Alfalfa Seed Production (1914)

Bureau of Plant Industry

258, Some New Varieties of Alfalfa
(1913)

International Harvester Co., Chicago, 111.
Bulletins,

Getting a Start With Alfalfa in the Corn Belt.
For More and Hardier Alfalfa in the Northwest.
Alfalfa in Western Kansas and Eastern Colorado.
Studies For Better Crops.
Studies in Alfalfa, (for schools)

Lecture Notes and Lantern Slides for Alfalfa, also charts.

Alfalfa Lesson Plans and topic for Alfalfa under School Gardens
in Agriculture ahd Life by A. D. Cromwell, J. B. Lippincott
Co., Philadelphia.

Bulletins for the Atlantic States :

New York :

Cornell University, Farm Crops Lesson, Alfalfa for New

1916.] WHY GROW ALFALFA? 83

York. Bulletins 339, Experiments Concerning Top-
dressing of Timothy and Alfalfa.

Circular 16, Some Practical Directions for Growing
Alfalfa, published b}' State Board of Agriculture,
Albany, N. Y.

Geneva Station Leaflets, Good Alfalfa and Clover Seed ;
Suggestions for Growing Alfalfa ; Lime for Alfalfa.

Cornell Circular 15, Legume Inoculation.

Massachusetts :

Amherst Station Bulletin 154 (1914) Alfalfa.

Alfalfa for New England, Circular 35, State Board of
Agriculture.

Alfalfa and its Culture, Bulletin 4, American Agricul-
tural Chemical Co., Boston.

Nev/ Hampshire :

Circular 4, Alfalfa.

Extension Circular 56, Alfalfa.

Canada :

Ottawa Department of Agriculture, Bulletin 46, Alfalfa
or Lucern.

Connecticut :

Connecticut State Board of Agriculture Reports for 1883,
1892, 1909, 1910, 1911 and 1913. These have some very
interesting and valuable discussions on growing Alfalfa,
especially interesting are the addresses published in the
1909 report.

ANNUAL MEETING CONNECTICUT
STATE FAIRS ASSOCIATION

CAPITOL, Hartford, February 15, 1916.

The Connecticut State Fairs Association, while an organiza-
tion by itself, is closely connected with the State Board of Agricul-
ture holding its annual meeting at the office of the State Boari of
Agriculture. The Secretary of the Board is the Secretary of the
Association.

The fourth annual meeting was held on February 15th.
There were sixty delegates present, representing the several
fairs throughout the State. Secretary's report showed that thirty
of the thirty-four associations had paid the membership fee and
were entitled to vote. The following is the list of officers elected
for the ensuing year :

President, - - - Robert Scoville.

Vice-President, - - W. H. Webster.

Second Vice-President, A D. Lathrop.

Secretary. - - - L. H. Healey.

Treasurer, - - - J. G. Schwink, Jr.

Executive Committee

Litchfield County, - - C. E. Hough.

Hartford County, - - J. A. Pilgard.

Tolland County, - P. B. Leonard.

Windham County, - - M. J. Frink.

Fairheld County, J. Arthur Sherwood.

New Haven County, Wm. J. Ratligeber.

Middlesex County, - C. F. Spencer.

New London County, - - J. W. Stark,

A lengthy discussion took place in regard to the using of the
funds in the hands of the Treasurer for the specific purpose of
encouraging agriculture. It resulted in a resolution that the
disposal of the funds be left in the hands of the Executive Com-
mittee, which decided to accept the proposal of President William

1916.] STATE FAIRS ASSOCIATION. ., 85

H. Hail that he, together with the Connecticut State Fairs Associa-
tion, offer $250.00 to be divided into premiums for the encourage-
ment of agricultural exhibits of potatoes and corn, exhibits to be
made at the mid-winter meeting of the Board of Agriculture.
The following is the list of premiums as made up by the Executive
Committee :

For the best one-half bushel of Potatoes $50
Second SO.

T-v» • I il it it It it OCT

Third 25.

Fourth 15.

For the best ten-ear corn exhibit, $50.

Second oO.

Third " " " " " 25.

Fourth " " " " " 15.

All competitors must be citizens of Connecticut and all ex-
hibits must be ponnecticut grown and raised by the exhibitor.
All exhibitors must have received either a first or second prize on
a potato exhibit or a first or second prize on a ten-ear corn
exhibit at some one of the fair's exhibitions held the past fall.

Adjournment was taken to the Hotel Garde where lunch was
served to eighty-three people. After lunch President Robert
Scoville called the meeting to order, stating that a previous en-
gagement which he had would have to be met. J. Arthur Sher-
wood took his place. Mr. Scoville spoke of the work which he
thought the Fair Associations should take up.

Mr. J. D. Willard of the Franklin County Farm Bureau was
the first speaker upon the afternoon programme. Mr. Willard
described in detail what the extension work was doing in Massa-
chusetts. In reply to a question by William H. Hall, he explained
what constituted juvenile exhibits and went more carefully into
the details of juvenile work which had been undertaken by him
in Massachusetts.

H. L. Garrigus spoke about the cattle and horse exhibits at
our fairs and urged better stock exhibits. A lively discussion
took place in regard to the premiums offered for grade stock.
The concensus of opinion seemed to be that no fair should offer
premiums on grade sires. This has been the position taken by
the Board of Agriculture.

H. J. Baker, President of our State Extension work, spoke

86 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct-

about the problems which the extension service was trying to
solve, also what had been arranged by it to assist the fairs in
making their exhibits more interesting. Mr. F. E. Duffy suggested
the need of having boys' judging classes.

Members of the Board of Agriculture gave very short but
interesting talks relating to their inspection work at the recent
fall fairs. Mr. Wilson H. Lee was the first on the programme
under this heading. Secretar>^ Healey then spoke in regard to
his inspection work and also read a communication from Howard
S. Neilson who was unable to attend the meeting. Everett E.
Brown cautioned the associations in regard to non-assistance, and
spoke in regard to the improvement which haS been made in the
makeup of exhibits at our agricultural fairs, stating that the
exhibits were in better shape than previous to the organization of
this association. Karmi Kimberly also spoke in regard to his
inspection work.

Mr. James B. Palmer moved a vote of thanks to the Board
for the entertainment which had been furnished the representa-
tives of the agricultural associations.

Meeting adjourned.

Leonard H. Healey, Secretary.

COUNTY AGENTS

Litchfield County
A. W. Manchester, Litchfield, Conn.

Hartford County
W. A. Cook, Windsor, Conn,

Tollmid County
J. E. Gifford, Rockville, Conn.

Windham County
R. W. Ellis, Putnam, Conn.

Fairfield County
S. J. Wright, Norwalk, Conn.

New Haven County
F. E. Rogers, iN'evv Haven, Conn.

Middlesex County
John H. Fay, Middletown, Conn.

New London County
F. C. Warner, Norwich, Conn.

8S

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Oct.

Number of Pure-Bred Cattle Owned in Connedicut

as per information contained in replies, by owners, as made to the
Secretary of the Board of Agriculture.

HARTFORD COUNTY.

Heifers

Bulls

Breed

COWB

3

2

1

Calves

4 3

2

1

Calves

Ayrehiree, 1914

39

9

20

13

20

1

2

2

5

1915

39

14

17

18

15

1 1

2

3

3

1916

62

13

27

21

26

2 2

3

5

4

For Bale.

19

3

9

9

IS

1

1

2

3

Number of Ayrshire breeders in Hartford County, 29.

Number submitting replies

"

18.

Guernsey, 1914

21

5

5

6

2

1

2

1

2

1915

32

3

8

10

13

2 3

2

, .

6

1916

58

15

17

23

20

4 3

5

9

12

" For sale

14

7

4

8

6

1

2

6

11

Number of Gi

aernsey breeders in Hartford County, 16

Number submitting replies

-

16

Holstein, 1914

36

10

6

9

15

2 ..

2

2

5

" 1915

25

2

8

3

6

1 1

3

3

4

" 1916

82

83

32

31

46

8 4

4

4

19

" For sale

21

7

6

7

7

2 1

1

1

5

Number of Holstein breeders in

Hartford County, 17

Number submitting

replies

-

- 15

Jersey, 1914

129

38

38

39

40

4 1

4

3

2

" 1915

130

41

52

41

58

8 3

3

3

4

" 1916

187

62

66

76

72

3 5

7

9

11

For sale

37

11

14

18

24

■ ■ • ■

• •

3

6

Number of Jersey breeders in Hartford County, 67
Number submitting replies - - - 48

NEW HAVEN COUNTY.

Heifers

Bull

!s

Breed

Cows

3

2

1

Calves

4

3

2

1

Calv(

Ayrshires,

, 1914

• •

• •

, ,

• •

• •

• «

((

1915

• •

• •

• •

. .

• •

. ,

. .

, ,

•a •

1 •

1916

1

2

, ,

1

, ,

1

1

• •

((

For sale

. ,

, ,

. ,

, ,

, .

, ,

^ ,

• *

Number of Ayrshire

breeders in

New Haven County,

7

Number submitting replies

-

-

3

Guernsey,

1914

31

3

7

11

13

2

2

. ,

..

2

4«

1915

34

2

6

9

12

3

, ,

2

3

• i

1916

53

2

12

15

14

4

.

3

2

1

<«

For sale

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

• •

, ,

Number of Guernsey breeders in

New Haven County

. 8

Number submitti

ng

replies

-

.

7

1916.]

PURE- BRED CATTLE IN CONNECTICUT.

89

Heifers

Bulls

Breed

Cows

3

2

1

Calves

4

3

2

1

Calves

Holstein. 1914

38

1

14

7-

9

1

2

1

7

" 1»15

51

6

9

12

14

3

3

6

" 1916

61

5

11

15

17

1

. •

4'

2

3

For sale

, ,

2

. .

5

. .

. .

1

3

Number of Holstein breeders in

New Haven

County,

12

Number submitting

replies

-

-

7

Jersey, 1914

19

..

3

5

3

• •

. ,

1

. •

• •

" 1915

21

■ •

2

7

2

• •

1

• •

• %

•• 1916

69

, ,

8

12

16

2

1

2

• " For sale

2

4

..

, ,

, ,

, •

, •

Number of Jersey breeders in New Haven County, 14
Number submitting replies . - - 9

NEW LONDON COUNTY.

Breed

Cows

3

Heifers
2 1

Calves

4

Bull
3

s
2

1

Calves

Ayrshires, 1914

88

19

17

24

18

2

. .

2

2

11

" 1915

64

17

25

17

21

2

2

3

5

4

•• 1916

80

19

47

42

30

6

3

4

7

13

For sale

16

2

2

2

1

1

1

4

5

Number of Ayrshire

breeders in

New London County, 33

Number submitting

replies

•-

-

- 27

Guernsey, 1914

61

40

23

12

16

4

4

3

4

7

1915

86

16

22

23

23

5

2

3

5

6

" 1916

67

13

22

17

23

2

2

8

7

5

For sale

4

4

3

6

..

4

1

Number of Guernsey breeders in New London County, 6
Number submitting replies - - - - 5

Holstein, 1914 25 3 • • 6 2 ....

1^15 •• .. •, ..^ •• .. •>

" 1916 21 13 5 6 11 ....

" For sale 17 115 4 8 ....

Number of Holstein breeders in New London County, 3

1

3

2

18

16

Number submitting replies

-

-

Jersey, 1914

26

3

2

2

4

" 1915

41

3

3

11

10

" 1916

69

8

18

18

15

For sale

13

1

7

7

1

1

2

3
2

2
1

3
1

8
5

2
1

10

7

Number of Jersey breeders in New London County,
Number submitting replies - - -

FAIRFIELD COUNTY.

Heifers

Bulls

Breed

Cows

3

2

1

Calves

4

3

2

1

Ayrshires, 1914

16

1

2

, ^

1

, ,

, ,

2

1915

15

, ,

, ,

, .

1

. .

1

1916

24

1

3

8

4

, ,

3

, ,

2

" For s

ale

2

1

..

, ,

1

Number of Ayrshire breeders in Fairfield County, 14
Number submitting replies - - ~ 8

Calves

•90 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

Heifers Bulls

Breed Cows 3 2 1 Calves 4 3 2 1 Calves

Guernsey, 1914 . . . . . .

" 1915 .. .. ........

1916 21 648 11 1113 6

For sale .. 1..13 6

Number of Guernsey breeders in Fairfield County, 1
Number submitting replies - - - 1

Holstein. 1914

89

9

10

26

20

1

3

1

2

5

*• 1915

92

7

21

14

22

8

1

1

3

12

" 1916

145

33

32

41

40

6

1

8

12

23

For sale

32

16

7

2

10

3

1

5

8

19

Number of Holstein breeders in Fairfield County, 25
Number submitting replies - - - 17

Jersey, 1914

33

2

12

3

11

2

. .

2

. .

" 1915

32

7

9

8

10

1

1

. .

. .

1

" 1916

80

17

20

19

23

5

3

4

3

5

For sale

8

8

2

1

1

..

• •

, ,

1

1

Number of Jersey breeders in Fairfield County, 30
Number submitting replies - - 20

WINDHAM COUxNTY.

Heifers Bulls

Breed Cows 3 2 1 Calves 4 3 2 1 Calves

Ayrshire, 1914 31 5 7 12 10 1 3 . . 1

" 1915 35 5 7 10 12 1 .. 1 2 1

" 1916 38 9 10 10 10 2 .. 2 1 2

" For sale 7 432 2 1..11

Number of Ayrshire breeders in Windham County, 30

Number submitting replies - - - 14

Guernsey, 1914 .. .. .. .. .. 1.... 2 1

1915 5 .. .. 5 3 1

1916 4 .... 4 3 2 1

For sale . . . .

Number of Guernsey breeders in Windham County, 5

Number submitting replies - - - 4

Holstein, 1914 19 2 4 5 17 112.. 3

" 1915 31 6 5 21 10 ■ 1 2 .. 4 2

" 1916 50 92223 19 2.. 44 4

" For sale 4 343 12 ....12 4

Number of Holstein breeders in Windham County, 12

Number submitting replies - - - 10

Jersey, 1914 ., ..

" 1915 .. ..

" 191« 15 494 4 1..18

" For sale .. .... 1 2

Number of Jersey breeders in Windham County, 10

Nuniber submitting replies - - - 7

1916.]

PURE-BRED CATTLE IN CONNECTICUT. 91

LITCHFIELI^ COUNTY.

Heife

rs

Bulls

Breed

Cows

3

2

1

Ca

Ives

4

3

2

1

Calv«

yrshire, 1914

11

8

1

8

1

1

1

5

1

1

" 1915

11

1

6

3

2

2

, .

2

1

" 1916

16

5

6

7

2

3

1

3

1

5

For sale

5

2

2

2

1

1

, ,

4

Number of Ayrshire breeders in Litchfield County, 29
Number submitting replies - - - 20

Guernsey, 1914

10

3

4

3

3

1

••

5

1915

12

4

5

7

3

. .

2

1

1

4

1916

104

29

30

40

25

4

1

2

3

20

For sale

10

2

1

18

Number of Guernsey breeders in Litchfield County, 8
Number submitting replies _ - _ 8

Holstein, 1914

128

20

29

41

46

1

5

7

9

17

" 1915

159

15

33

52

49

2

5

10

21

23

" 1916

354

57

93

114

157

8

6

13

27

43

" For sale

48

6

8

14

10

1

4

7

20

Number of Holstein breeders in Litchfield County, 46
Number submitting replies - - - 34

Jersey, 1914

24

. .

2

7

9

. .

2

2

3

" 1915

22

3

7

10

8

1

3

1

5

10

" 1916

24

9

12

10

11

2

5

10

6

For sale

2

3

. .

1

, ,

1

8

6

Number of Jersey breeders in Litchfi.eld County, 20
Number submitting replies - - - 16

MIDDLESEX COUNTY.

Heifers Bulls

Breed Cows 3 2 1 Calves 4 3 2 1 Calves

»

Ayrshire, 1S14 1 2 1.. .. 2

" 1915 3 1.. .. 2 2

'* 1916 4 .. 1 2 2 ....1..

For sale . . . . . . . . . .

Number of Ayrshire breeders in Middlesex County, 4

Number submitting replies . . _ 2

Guernsey, 1914 .. ....

1915 .. .. .. .. ..

1916 .. .. .. .. .. .........

For sale . . . . . . . . . .

Number of Guernsey breeders in Middlesex County, . .

Number submitting replies - - -

Holstein. 1914 5 ..12 .. 1....1 1

" 1915 20 365 7 1..12 2

" 1916 26 648 13 ..121 8

" For sale . .* • . .. .. 3

Number of Holstein breeders in Middlesex County, 3

Number submitting replies - - - 2

92

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Oct.-

Breed

Cows

Jersey. 1914

66

" 1915

68

" 1916

73

For sale

7

Heifers

3

2 1

24

13 16

23

16 16

18

16 23

1

7 7

Calves

24
20
21

7

1
1
2

Number of Jersey breeders in Middlesex County, 8
Number submitting replies - - - 6

TOLLAND COUNTY.

Breed

Cows

Heifers
3 2 1

Ayrshire, 1914

25

" 1915

29

" 1916

56

For sale

6

4

6

12

4

5
6
9
3

6
5

18

Calves

7

12

9

2

1
1
3
2

Number of Ayrshire breeders in Tolland County, 24
Number submitting: replies - - - 13

Guernsey, 1914

4

" 1915

4

" 1916

7

For sale

3

2
5

2

1

8
3
3

2
3
8

3
3
1

Number of Guernsey breeders in Tolland County, 3
Number submitting replies - - - 3

Bulls
3 2

2
3

3
3

Bulls
3 2

2

2
2
1

2
1
3
2

2

1

Number of Holstein breeders in Tolland County, 16
Number submitting replies - - - 13

1 Calves

3
2

Number of Jersey breeders in Tolland Csunty, 26
Number submitting replies - - 17

1
1
1

1

3
1

Calves-

2
1

itein

, 1914

23

3

7

9

10

..

..

4

2

, ,

• *

1915

21

7

7

11

16

..

2

4

1

7

t»

1916

47

9

20

11

23

2

3

4

10

t4

For sale

19

3

10

7

8

1

1

2

8

Jerrey. 1914

24

6

9

9

6

1

1

8

1

1

" 1915

52

8

6

14

22

3

..

, ,

1

5

" 1916

83

15

23

32

34

2

2

3

4

7

For sale

32

5

8

14

17

1

2

3

6-.

Total number of Ayrshire breeders in the State,
Total number submitting replies.

169
105

Total number of Guernsey breeders in the State,
Total number submitting replies, - . _

47
44

Total number of Holstein breeders in the State,
Total number submitting replies.

134
101

Total number of Jersey breeders in the State,
Total number submitting replies,

193
139.

1916.1

AGRICULTURAL FAIRS TN CONNECTICUT.

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1916.]

REPORT OF THE TREASURER.

99

REPORT OF THE TREASURER.

Chas. a. Thompson in account with

State Board of Agriculture.

1915

Sept. 28

Oct. 2

<

4

4

" 4

" 4

Nov. 13

♦' 13

Dec. 15

" 15

1916.

Jan. 7

' 10

' 10

' 10

' 10

' 10

' 10

' 10

' 10

' 10

' 10

' 10

' 10

* 10

♦ 10

* 10

' 10

' 10

• 10

* 10

* 10

Balance amount in treasury,

By State appropriation,

L. H. Healey, . _ .

W. C. Sanford,

Mrs. Lena B. Derick.

Southern New England Telephone Co.

E. E. Brown,

The Evans Brothers,

E. N. Reed, ... -

Andrew Boss, _ . _

New Haven Poultry Association,
Smith Brothers, . _ -

Clark Barnes, _ . .

Fernando Wheeler, - - -

A. M. Griffin,

F. E. Tucker,
George M. Sampson,
H. L. Hamilton,
George H. Schuerman,

D. W. Bishop,

J. F. Shepard, . . _

Francis T. Warner, - . -

George F. Kibbe, . - _

E. J. Curtiss, _ _ _

F. B. Bishop,

J. T. McKnight,

George J. Gammie, ...

Charles E. Brundage,

George W. Clark & Sons,

H. A. Bock, - - . -

Frank Beisiegel, - _ .

Dr.
$ 75.02
1,000.00

Cr.

$356.40

19.30

L50

17.15

42.65

8L39

9.00

86.72

46.77
2.00
5.00
8.00
1.00
4.50
3.00

13.50
3.00
5.00
5.00
1.50
5.00
3.00
2.00
3.00
5.00
3.00

10.00
3.00
2.00

100 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

Jan. 10 O. H. P. Gates, - - - - 2.00

" 10 R. S. Bascom, - - . , 35.07

" 10 The Garde, ----- 49.76

" 10 E. L. Quaife, - - - . 13.25

" 10 A. D. Cromwell, ... - 50.66

'• 10. Southern New England Telephone Co., - 6.95

Feb. 1 L. H. Healey, .... 432.94

" 1 Plimpton Manufacturing Company - - 16.87

1 Evans Brothers, - . - - 89.21

" 10 Bill Brothers, . . - - 4.21

" 10 Southern New Bngland Telephone Co., - 2.98

" 10 J. Arthur Sherwood, - - - 29.30

" 12 P. H. Meyers, . - - . 10.41

" 15 By State Appropriation - - - 500.00

" 15 Railroad fares of Presidents and

Secretaries of Fairs - 67.00

*' 25 The Garde, - - . . . 83. uO

" 25 E. N. Willard, . . - - 2.65

" 25 P. G. Waterous, . - - . 2.55

*' 25 H. J. Newbury, - - - - 2.58

" 25 Carl C. Watrous, - . . . 2.50

" 25 C. F. Spencer, . - . . 2.50

" 25 W. A. Faber, .... 1.43

" 25 J. G. Schwink, Jr. - - - - 1.00

*' 25 Robert Scoville, ..... 2.80

'' 25 M. D. Rudd, 2.80

" 25 S. P. Humphrey, - . . . 2.15

•' 25 W. G. Wilcox, .... 2.15

Mar. 27 Fernando Wheeler, . - - . 36. 03

" 27 Charles T. Davis, - - - - 12.00

April 4 Leslie Geer, ..... 10.25

4 George Gammie, .... 13.37

4 E. G. Healey, . . . . 19.23

4 M. L. Healey, . . . . 16.39

** 4 Rowland Kenyon, - - - . - 9-15

4 Willard Madley, - - - " - 10.62

4 Mason Parker, .... 10.62

4 Sarah Stone, .... 11.17

4. D. J. Ellsworth, . - . . . 3.00

4 By State Appropriation, - - - 500.00

4 Karmi Kimberly, . . _ . 12.87

4 H. P. Deming, .... 6.56

4 Evans Brothers, .... 31.10

4 L. H. Healey, .... 426.12

4 C.A.Thompson, - _ . . 34.35.

4 Southern New England Telephone Co., - 3.75

June 14 By State Appropriation, - - - 500.00

" 22 Neostyle Compaziy, .... 46.50

1916.] REPORT OF THE TREASURER. 101

June 22

A. L. Klunzer,

-

-

6.00

Aug. 30

By State Appropriation,

-

- 1000.00

Sept. 15

Evans Brothers,

-

-

92.45

' 15

L. H. Healey,

-

-

388.23

' 15

Hartford Weekly Guide,

-

-

3.50

' 15

The Garde,

-

-

7.00

' 15

Library Bureau,

-

-

11.00

* 15

George Gammie,

-

5.00

' 15

H. J. Newbury,

-

2.56

' 30

Fernando Wheeler,

-

-

10.41

* 30

Hartford Printing Co.,

-

-

5.00

' 30

L. H. Healey,

-

-

382.58

' 30

C. A. Thompson,

-

33.77

' 30

Karmi Kimberly,

-

-

10.18

* 30

H. P. Deming,

-

-

3.75

' 30

Balance amount in Treasury,

-

-

272.55

$3,594.58 $3,594.58

We, the Auditors of the State Board of Agriculture, hereby certify

that we have examined the accounts of Chas. A. Thompson, Treasurer,

and found them correct.

N. Howard Brewer,
Fernando Wheeler, \- Auditors.
Everett E. Brow^n,

102

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Oct.

Connedticut Dairymen's Association.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT.

A financial statement of the Connecticut Dairymen's Association for
the year ending December 1st, 1915, made to L. H. Healey, Secretary of
the State Board of Agriculture.

RECEIPTS

Cash on hand December 1st, 1914

Memberships

Donations

Sale of butter

Premium fund

Rent of floor space

State appropriation

Miscellaneous

Sale of record sheets . ^ .

$ 140.25

235.00

300.00

32.35

400.00

250.84

1,226.06

7.93

79.11

$2,671.54

EXPENDITURES

Annual meeting

Secretary's salary

Premium.s ...

Officers' and Directors' expenses

Institutes

Printing ...

Fairs

Miscellaneous

Balance, December 1st, 1915

$972.19

200.00

678.96

209.21

. • 30.34

288.10

24.18

8.79

59.77

$2,671 54

OFFICERS

President H.

W. ANDREWS, Suffield

Vice-President C. B.

POMEROY, Willimantic

Treasurer R.

E. BUi^LL, Wallingford

Secretary J. G.

SCHWINK, Jr., Meriden

DIRECTORS

R. J. Averill, Washington Depot
H. L. Garrigus, Storrs
E. A. Jones, New Canaan
H. 0. Daniels, Middletown

E. J.

Adolph Greenbacker, Meriden

Thomas Holt, Southington

Hempstead, Jr., New London

F. E. Duffy, West Hartford

Gerald Waldo, Willimantic

Attest:

J. G. Schwink, Jr., Secretary.

1916.]

CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

103

Connedticut Pomological Society.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT

A financial statement of the Connecticut Pomological Society for the
year ending February 1st, 1916, made to L. H. Healey, Secretary of the
State Board of Agriculture.

RECEIPTS

Balance on hand February 1, 1915,

Annual memberships,

State appropriation,

Rent of hall space.

Conn. State Agricultural Society,

Sales of fruit,

EXPENDITURES

Expenses of annual meeting,
Premiums paid at annual meeting.
Publishing annual report,
Annual exhibition, expenses,
Premiums paid.
Field meetings,
Institute work.
Secretary's salary (2 years)
Office expenses of Secretary,
Office expenses of President,
Office expenses of Treasurer,
Miscellaneous, printing, postage, etc..
Sundry expenses,
Cash on hand,

$ 553.66
652.00

1,207.30

306.00

95.00

204.25

$3,018.21

$667.54'

311.50

639. 37

85.60

526. 00

17.00

11.08

300.00

142.65

25.00-

25.54

94.16

47.84

124.93

President,*
Vice-President,
Treasurer,
Secretary,

$3,018.21

OFFICERS

George W. Staples, West Hartford

. "W. H. Baldwin, Cheshire

Minor Ives, South Meriden

H. C. C. Miles, Milford

Attest :

H. C. C. Miles, Secretary.

104 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

Connedlicut Poultry Association.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT

A financial statement of the Connecticut Poultry Association for the
year ending February 1st, 1916,' made to L. H. Healey, Secretary of the
State Board of Agriculture.

RECEIPTS

Cash on hand February 1, 1915, .... $503.98

Received from fair appropriation, , . , . 100.00

Received from State appropriation, .... 960.74

Received from membership fees, .... 461.50

$2,026.22

EXPENDITURES

Paid on orders drawn by President and Secretary, . $1,585.85

Balance on hand February 1, 1916, . . . . 440.37

$2,026.22

Attest:

George V. Smith, Secretary,

OFFICERS

President, E. W. BROWN, Old Mystic.

COUNTY VICE-PRESIDENTS

Litchfield County, B. P. Nase, Thomaston

Fairfield County, Dr. M. A. Warriner, Bridgeport

New Haven County, A. B. Hall, Wallingford

Hartford County, L. J. Robertson, Hartford

Middlesex County, C. R. Corey, Cromwell

Tolland County, W. H. Bunstead, Stafford Springs

New London County, F. L. Kanahan, Norwich

Windham County, Geo. C. Thomas, Willimantic

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

Litchfield County, P. B. Whitehead, Romford

Fairfield County, Geo. L. Rockwell, Ridgefield

New Haven County, J. E. Knecht, New Haven
Hartford County, S. G. McLean, South Glastonbury

Middlesex County, J. L. Payne, Portland

Tolland County, E. S. Edgerton, Rockville

New London County, W. 0. Rogers, Norwich

W^indham County, Gerald Waldo, Willimantic

AT LARGE

A. B. Brundage, Danbury

P. P. Ives, Guilford

H. P. Deming, Robertsville

Secretarv, GEORGE V. SMITH, West Willington

Treasurer, CHAS. H. BRUNDAGE, Danbury

Attorney, C. F. ROBERTS, New Haven

AUDITORS

C. I. Balch, Manchester H. L. Hamilton, Ellington

1916.]

CONN. SHEEP BREEDER'S ASSOCIATION.

lOS.

Connedicut Sheep Breeder's Association*

FINANCIAL STATEMENT.

A financial statement of the Connecticut Sheep Breeder's Association
for the year ending December 1st, 1915, made to Secretary of the State
Board of Agriculture.

RECEIPTS

Cash on hand December 1st, 1914, ....

Received for membership, .....

Received from Burr Index Co., ......

Received from Comptroller, .....

$ 90.18

10. 00-

18.25

398.47

•

$516.90

EXPENDITURES

Expenses at annual meeting, . . . , ,$ 63.06'

Premiums, ......

50.00-

Directors expenses,

81.00.

Printing, .....

66.31

Bounty for sheep killing dogs,

80.00

Institutes, .....

34.00-

Speakers at shearing and annual meeting,

51. 00^

Miscellaneous, . . . . ,

35.70

Balance of cash on hand December 1st, 1915,

55. 8S:

$516.90

President,
Vice President,
Secretary,
Treasurer,

OFFICERS

C. L. GOLD, West Cornwall

W. L. YALE, Meriden

H. L. GARRIGUS, Storrs

B. C. PATTERSON, Torrington

DIRECTORS

F. H. Stadtmueller, Elmwood G. B. Treadwell, Woodbrid^e

D. M. Mitchell, Southbury John Walbridge, Coventry

J. B. Palmer, Norwich H. B. Buell, Eastford.

W. L. Pentecost, Taconic Ernest Nettleton, Middlefield^

Attest :

H. L. Garrigus, Secretary..

106

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Oct.

Connedicut Bee-Keepers' Association.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT.

A Financial Statement of The Connecticut Bee-Kespers' Association
for the year ending December 31st, 1915, made to L. H. Healey, Sec-
retary of the State Board of Agriculture.

Cash on hand January 1st, 1915,

Loan temporary.

Dues,

State of Connecticut,

Conn. Fair Association,

Miscellaneous,

RECEIPTS

$ 50.83

■200.00

123.00

300.00

200.00

16.55

$890.38

EXPENDITURES

Loan, .......

$250.00

Postage,

12.00

Printing,

17.00

Speakers,

10.00

Secretary's office.

25.50

Gleanings,

41.50

Premiums, Conn. Fair,

500.00

Miscellaneous,

1.00

Cash on hand January 1st

, 1916,

33.38

$890.38

President, SHERMAN E. BUNNELL, Winsted

Vice Presicent, REV. D. D. MARSH, West Hartford

Secretary and Treasurer, L. WAYNE ADAMS, 15 Warner St., Hartford

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

Lyman C. Root, Stamford
Stephen J. Griffen, Bridgeport
Henry W. Coley, Westport

STATE FAIR COMMITTEE

A. W. Yates, Hartford

R. H. Noble, East Hartford

J. H. Griswold, Hartford

Attest:

L. Wayne Adams, Secretary.

1916.]

OFFICERS OF CONN. STATE GRANGE.

107

Officers of Connedlicut State Grange.

•Charles T. Davis. Master,
Frank E. Blakeman, Overseer,
Allen B. Cook, Lecturer,
F. M. Candee, Steward,
Minor Ives, AsST. Steward,
Rev. J. Howard Hoyt, Chaplain,
JSf. S. Piatt, Treasurer, -
H. E. Loomis, Secretary,
William F. Clark, Gate Keeper,
Mrs, Maude K. Wheeler, Ceres,
Mrs. Ida E, W. Davis, Pomona,
Mrs, Martha G, Allyn, Flora,
Mrs. Cora Hine, Lady Steward,

Middletown

Oronoque

Middlebury

Naugatuck

South Meriden

New Canaan

395 Whalley Ave., New Haven

Glastonbury

Lyme

- Storrs

Collinsvilie

Mystic

Orange

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
L. H, Healey, North Woodstock, . - -

J, H. Hale, South Glastonbury, - - -

J. Arthur Sherwood, Long Hill, _ . .

Charles T. Davis, Middletown,
Henry E. Loomis, Glastonbury, _ . .

1917
1918
1919
1918
1918

FINANCE COMMITTEE

H. C. Dunham, Middletown Ard Welton, Plymouth

H, D. Sikes, Suffield

BOARD OF ARBITRATION
Executive Committee, Overseer,

Lecturer

SPECIAL DEPUTIES
W. E. Price, Warehouse Point Irving E. Crouch, Groton

DEPUTIES FOR POMONA GRANGES
Central No. 1, - - - - Sherman W. Eddy, Avon

<^uinebaug No. 2, - - Everett E. Brown, Pomfret Centre

108 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Oct.

East Central No. 3, _ - . R. A. Sikes, Ellington

Mountain Co. No. 4, - - - - W. E. Page, Torringford

N. Haven Co. No. 5, - - - . H. J. Brocket, Clintonville

N. London Co. No. 6, - - - - Fred N. Taylor, Lebanon

Excelsior No. 7, - - - Charles L. Pierpont, Waterbury

Sea View No. 8, - - - - Albert M. Buell, Clinton

Fairfield Co. No. 9, - - Arthur W. Northrop, Ridgefield

Housatonic Valley No. 10, - - - Frank H. Peet, Kent

JUVENILE DEPUTY
Mrs. Susie G. Williams, .__._. Brooklyn;

COMMITTEE OM WOMAN'S WORK
Mrs. M. J. Burnham, . . . - . West Hartford

PATRONS' MUTUAL FIRE INS. CO.
Henry E. Loomis, President, . - - - Glastonbury

J. Arthur Sherwood, Vice-President, - - - - Long Hill

W. H. Carrier, Treasurer, ----- Glastonbury

H. C. Dunham, Secretary, ----- Middletown

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

President, Secretary, Treasurer, and
W, H. Baldwin, Cheshire H, W. Treat, Bridgewater

Annual Meeting in January.

PATRONS' EXCHANGE
H. G, Manchester, Agent, Winsted, . 'Phone 44 and 440

1916.

GRANGE DIRECTORY.

109

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GRANGE DIRECTORY.

113

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Miss Iva F. Bartlett. Uncasville

J. S. Woodfoi-d. Avon

Leonard Smith, Mansfield Center

Miss F. B. Tucker, No. Windham

William B. Synnott, Portland

Byron Cantrell, Darien

Mrs. Ruth L. Rogers, Yantic

G. F. Hine, Southbury

W. C. Appleby, Shelton

Edmund A. Gaylord, W. Hartland

Elson E. Beecher, Beihany

O

Mrs. C. Everett Chapman, Montville

Miss Margaret Miller, Avon

Mrs. Annie James, Mansfield Center

Mrs. Mattie A. Colburn, N. Windham

Mrs. Philena Stocking, Portland

Mrs. R. C. Lester, Darien

C. Huntington Lathrop, No. Franklin

H. W. Hicock, Southbury

Frederick G. Space, Shelton

Miss Olive E. Case, West Hartland

Mrs. Nellie S. Davidson, Bethany

Master

C. Everett Chapman, Montville

C. B, Hadsell. Avon

D. C. Flaherty, Mansfield Center
Orin E. Colburn, No. Windham
Myron N. Case, Portland

R. C. Lester, Darien
F. S. Armstrong, Yantic
H. R. Stone. Southbury
Edmund Kemble. Shelton
Thomas Booth. West Hartland
Tyler D. Davidson. Bethany

Name

Subordinate Granges— Cont.

Montville. 178
Avon. 179
Echo, 180
Meadow Brook, 181
Hemlock, 182
Darien. 183
Franklin. 184
Poinperaug, 185
Shelton. 186
Hartland, 187
Bethany. 188

INDEX.

Address, "Laws of Plant and Animal Breeding"
Address, "Swine Raising" ....
Address, "Why Grow Alfalfa" . . .

Annual Meeting of Conn. State Fairs Association
Agricultural Fairs in Connecticut, 1915 .
Connecticut State Board of Agriculture
Connecticut Owners and Breeders of Ayrshire Cattle
Connecticut Owners and Breeders of Guernsey Cattle
Connecticut Owners and Breeders of Jersey Cattle
Connecticut Holstein-Friesian Breeders .

County Agents

Connecticut Dairymen's Association
Connecticut Pomological Society
Connecticut Poultry Association
Connecticut Sheep Breeders' Association
Connectibut Bee-Keepers' Association
Number of Animals Exhibited, 1915
Number of Pure-Bred Cattle in Connecticut
Official List of Societies Holding Fairs in 1915
Official List of Societies Holding Fairs in 1916
Officers of Connecticut State Grange
Officers of the Granges . ' .
Returns of Agricultural Societies, 1915, Finances

The Ayrshire

The Guersey

The Jersey

The Hoi stein . , .

45

54

63

84

98

7

16

21

27

41

87

102

103

104

105

106

97

88

93

94

107

109

95

14

20

22

30

New York Botanical Garden Librar

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